EGYPTIAN POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
EGYPTIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS AGENCY
FINNIDA
SELECTED WEB-SITES ON INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION ABATEMENT:
TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY, CLEANER PRODUCTION BY SECTOR,
EMISSION GUIDELINES AND LINKS TO
RELEVANT ORGANISATIONS
EPAP 68 / DATA NOVEMBER
2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INFORMATION SEARCH BY ORGANISATION
1.1
THE WORLD BANK
1.2
EUROPEAN UNION: BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES – BAT
1.3
THE EUROPEAN
ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (EEA)
1.4
THE U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
1.6
ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES, UNITED KINGDOM
1.7
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY,
AUSTRALIA
1.8
THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND
1.9 UNITED
NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
1.10 UNITED NATIONS
ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP)
1.11 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)
2. CLEANER
PRODUCTION IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
2.1 BACKGROUND
2.2 CONTACTS
AND EXPERT INSTITUTIONS
2.3 INFORMATION
OF CLEANER PRODUCTION IN THE INDUSTRY
2.4 TOOLS
FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION: SUBSTITUTION OF
SOLVENTS AND USE OF LESS HARMFUL COATINGS
2.5 CLEANER PRODUCTION IN SOME INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
2.51 Pulp and paper
2.52 Textile industry
2.53 Food industry
2.54 Engineering industry
2.55 Foundries
2.57 Leather industry
2.58 Chemical industry
2.59 Oil refineries
3. EMISSION
GUIDELINES AND LIMIT VALUES
5.
LINKS
TO ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES IN DIFFERENT
6. ENVIRONMENTAL
TREATIES IN FORCE IN EGYPT
This report was produced for the Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project EPAP by Mr. Lauri Kattelus from the Finnish Environment Institute. The goal of this study is to provide selected links on pollution abatement technology, useful to industrial environmental management and environmental administration. Overlapping with the existing EEAA web sites is avoided as far as possible by selecting direct links to relevant sites.
Chapter I
includes the results of a search by organisation. The organisations screened
are the World Bank (WB), the European Union (EU), the European Environment
Agency (EEA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Environment
Canada, Environmental Agencies in the UK, Environmental Protection Authority in
Australia, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),
the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organisation
(WHO).
Chapter II
contains information of Cleaner Production in Various Industrial Sectors. The search is based both to open
searches and searches through the organisations.
Moreover
the report comprises of short chapters on Emission Guidelines, Virtual
Libraries, Links to some
environmental agencies in different countries and Environmental Treaties.
Information
search in the Internet requires practising. All the search engines have their own help desks. It is useful to have a look at
them. Search results are presented
so that the "best matches" are on top of the list.
The EEAA
has already its own www-services and some of the organisations can be contacted
through these sites. In this
report the emphasis is on industrial pollution and its prevention and a direct
link into the relevant sites is provided whenever possible.
The report
is available only as an electronic version which allows direct utilisation of
the links and addresses located.
1. INFORMATION SEARCH BY ORGANISATION
The World Bank has a broad database of research on global economic and environmental issues. The address of the home page is http://www-esd.worldbank.org/ . Search service can be found from the home page; however it is recommended to use the search services provided under relevant main headings like New Ideas for Pollution Regulation ( NIPR) , World Bank-Environment etc. NIPR has a targeted search of "all industrial resources" which can be very useful (http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/search.htm ).
An easy starting point in World Bank pages is the site map which gives the topic headlines in alphabetical order, by clicking the blue topic all the pages can be opened: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/ext/language.nsf/1c5f3a985e71f084852567b100598550/c212a6e715a6e301852567b1006250c1?OpenDocument . Most of the headlines are not relevant to EPAP.
From the EPAP point of view the most important headlines in the site map could be:
- Pollution Management http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/PMExt.nsf/d798dd11401b4e068525668000766b9d/2c4814272584a5538525667f007091ce?OpenDocument
- NIPR (New Ideas in Pollution Regulation) http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/index.htm
- Environment http://www.worldbank.org/environment/
- Non-governmental Organisations/Civil Society http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/d3f59aa3a570f67a852567cf00695688/867440ff3f16f6808525683b005d38f1?OpenDocument
- Privatisation Link http://privatizationlink.ipanet.net/
- Publications: http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/index.htm
- Library Site (Bank-IMF) & JOLIS: http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/external.htm
The analysis of the causes and impacts of pollution needs to be carried out in a broad cross-sectorial way. Pollution Management site provides approaches to the problems in different ways:
- Policy Framework: policies, priorities, indicators, instruments …
- By Media: air, water, waste…
- By Sector: energy, industry and mining, transportation…
- By Region: Africa, East Asia & Pacific, Europe & Central Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean, Middle East & North Africa, South Asia
One of the key documents in pollution management is The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook , a comprehensive manual for industrial pollution control. The Handbook promotes the concepts of sustainable development by focusing attention on the benefits B environmental and economic B of pollution prevention, including cleaner production and good management techniques. Part I (aimed primarily at governmental decision makers) contains summary of key policy lessons, Part II (aimed at agencies and organisations) good practice notes of policy objectives and Part III (aimed at experts in various industrial sectors) detailed guidelines of industrial pollution management. The Handbook also comprises of maximum air emissions and effluent discharge requirements, pollutants, pollutant control technologies, industry sector guidelines and a wide glossary of professional terms. This handbook can be downloaded from the following address:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/Docs/TOC?OpenDocument
The Pollution
Prevention and Abatement Handbook is rather comprehensive, nearly 500 pages,
but the link opens the homepage from where the interesting topics can be
selected.
The original, in 1998
published version contains a number of typographic errors. A copy of the erratum sheet can be
received from the address:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/Docs/Errata
In the Pollution Management "In Focus" Discussion Notes there is an interesting note of prerequisites of environmentally friendly privatisation (pdf- file).
In the Pollution Management knowledge base by sector, the tittles in Industry and mining sector are:
- Industrial management: Hazardous waste management, Cleaner production, Improving industrial environmental compliance
- Mining reform
- The International Council on Metals and the Environment (ICME)
Cleaner Production is discussed in a separate chapter of this report.
New Ideas in Pollution Regulation (NIPR) (http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/ ) is a special site for researchers, government officials and citizens interested in understanding and improving control of industrial pollution, especially in developing countries. NIPR has its main emphasis on economics of industrial pollution control and it is the primary source for materials produced by the World Bank's Economics of Industrial Pollution Control Research Project. The subtitles of NIPR are e.g. A New Approach (multiple actors, multiple incentives), Traditional Regulation and Firm Behaviour, The Role of Community in Pollution Control, Industrial Pollution Modelling & Data and GIS-Geographic Information Systems. The key topics discussed are enforcement, formal and informal regulation, public information and cost estimation of pollution control. There is also a number of related links and downloadable publications. NIPR also has an excellent targeted search service from "all industrial resources"( http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/search.htm )
NIPR has a project: Economics of Industrial Pollution Control Research Project. Related papers can be found in: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/index.htm .
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a tool designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic co-ordinates. It is usually used to display maps. GIS stores information in the form of thematic maps that can be linked together spatially. So, for example, the exact location of an industry can be specified on a map that shows the county, state, and country where that industry can be found as well as the industry's position relative to roads, rivers, and other industries. This makes GIS a potentially very powerful tool in pollution regulation. More information can be found in: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/gis/index.htm .
The World Bank/NIPR has published the book: Greening Industry: New Roles for Communities, Markets and Governments. The book is described in the NIPR page as follows: “Rebutting the conventional wisdom that developing countries lack the infrastructure and the resources to control pollution, this study shows how a new combination of information-intensive, citizen-empowering strategies can produce impressive results. With the cost of collecting and disseminating information falling, this is a timely and tremendously exciting book.” (Tom Teitenberg). The book can be downloaded from the address :
http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/greening/index.htm The address also provides extensive links to
related Internet sites.
The World Bank Group has developed a Decision Support System for Integrated Pollution Control (IPC). The IPC system is a personal computer software package that comprises a set of extensive databases and a number of computation models. This software is downloadable from the site:
http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/PMExt.nsf/670c98692c42a13c852565e2005a58d8/fea1be21d8fa2fa085256681006ad180?OpenDocument
. The
computation modules enable a user to estimate:
·
air,
water and solid waste emissions based on inventory of economic activities for a
given location;
·
ambient
concentrations of air and water pollutants by using simple (screening)
dispersion models with minimum meteorological and hydrological data; total
costs of control options by using standardised engineering-type cost functions;
and long-run marginal cost schedules to achieve a certain level of emission
reduction (or decline in ambient concentration) for a chosen pollutant.
The site http://www.worldbank.org/environment/ contains a lot of information of
environmental issues. The headlines are: Environment Subtopics, Research &
Data, Operational Policies, project Documents, Learning and Dialogue, Special
Interest, Partnership & Initiatives, Key readings and General publications.
Under these headlines tens of specific questions are discussed.
The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be used and cited accordingly. The working papers can be located in the address: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/
Energy and environment sector is very well represented in the World Bank Internet databases. Energy sector information can be found in the address: http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/
In the World Bank pages urban waste management is placed under the title “Urban
development”. A number of reports of solid waste management can be viewed or
downloaded from the page: http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/urban/solid_wm/sw_pubs.htm and another long list of publications
of urban waste management is in the address: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/External/Urban/UrbanDev.nsf/Urban+Waste+Management/E34DBAD86F2C669B8525690400621D5B?OpenDocument
In the Internet
structure a link leads to a number of new links. It is recommendable to make a bookmark or save the link in
another way. The paths can be so
long, that it is sometimes rather difficult to find the same link again. Further information of World Bank can
be received using the links mentioned, checking the related links provided in
the different pages or using the search service.
1.2 THE
EUROPEAN UNION: INTEGRATED
POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL - IPPC AND BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES - BAT
The European Union has extensive
databases in the internet. From
the EPAP viewpoint the key issues are
the IPPC Directive, BAT and BAT Reference Documents which contain
sectoral information of European industries.
The European Union agreed in September 1999 on the basic rules for environmental permits for industrial installations. Council directive (96/61/EC) on integrated pollution prevention and control, the IPPC Directive, concerns the activities listed in the Directive annex 1. A closer description of the IPPC Directive with related links can be found at the EU Commission web site http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ ippc/index.htm . The full text of the Directive can be found on the Community legislation web site http://europa.eu.int/eur‑lex/en/lif/dat/1996/en_396L0061.html.
Emission limit values (ELVs), equivalent parameters and technical measures in an IPPC environmental permit shall be based on the best available techniques BAT. However, this does not mean that the use of any specific technique or technology would be prescribed. When determining the permit conditions the technical characteristics of the installation concerned must be taken into account, as well as the geographical location and the local environmental conditions. In addition, attention is paid to efficient use of energy and prevention of accidents. In all circumstances, the permit conditions shall contain provisions on minimisation of long-distance or transboundary pollution and ensuring a high level of protection of the environment as a whole.
There is no separate air, water or waste BAT but the integrated approach covers the performance level of an industrial installation depending on the technology chosen. For instance, making flue gas cleaning more effective, can lead to increases in the amount of wastes and consumption of energy, as well as of the environmental costs.
- ’emissions’ as direct or indirect
releases of substances, vibrations, heat or noise from individual or diffuse
sources in the installation into the air, water or land;
- the ’ best available
techniques’ as the most effective and advanced stage in the
development of activities and their methods of
operation which indicate the practical suitability of particular technique for
providing in principle the basis for emission limit values designed to prevent and, where that is not
practicable, generally to reduce emissions and their impact on the environment
as a whole;
- ’best’
as most effective in achieving a high general level of protection of the
environment as a whole;
- ’available’ as techniques covering the development on a scale which allows
implementation in the relevant industrial sector, under economically and
technically viable conditions, taking into consideration the costs and
advantages, whether or not the techniques are used or produced inside the
Member State in question, as long as they are reasonably accessible to the
operator; and
- the ’techniques’ as both the technology used
and the way in which the installation is designed, built, maintained, operated
and decommissioned.
The Directive has concerned all new installations as well as major changes in existing ones from October 1999. All existing mills have to apply BAT (have IPPC permits) by 2007.
When determining BAT the considerations in the IPPC Directive Annex IV
should be taken into consideration:
-
the use of low‑waste technology;
-
the use of less hazardous substances;
-
the furthering of recovery and recycling of substances generated and used in
the
process and of waste, where appropriate;
-comparable processes, facilities or
methods of operation which have been tried with success on
an industrial scale;
-
technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding;
-
the nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned;
-
the commissioning dates for new or existing installations;
-
the length of time needed to introduce the best available technique;
-
the consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the
process
and their energy efficiency;
-
the need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions
on
the environment and the risks to it;
-
the need to prevent accidents and to minimise the consequences for the
environment;
-
the information published by the Commission pursuant to Article 16 (2) or by
international organisations.
The Commission organises an exchange of information between the Member States and the industries concerned on best available techniques, associated monitoring, and developments in them. The Commission shall publish the results of information exchange as IPPC BAT Reference Documents (BREFs). The BREFs shall be revised every three years in all the Union languages.
The aim in changing information on BAT at the Community level is to redress the technological imbalances inside the Union, to promote world wide dissemination of the ELVs and techniques used in the Union as well as to help the Member States in the efficient implementation of the IPPC Directive. Another point is that the public must be informed of the operation of the installations and their potential effect on the environment. It relates also to transparency of the licensing process throughout the Union. The public must have access, before any decision is taken, to information relating to applications for permits for new installations or substantial changes, and to the permits themselves, their updating and the relevant monitoring data. For this purpose, an inventory of principal emissions and sources responsible will be established under the European Pollution Register (EPER).
The exchange exercise started in 1997 and it continues according to the timetable given in Table 1. All BREFs should be completed by 2003. The exchange of information is organised as follows:
Information Exchange Forum (IEF) chaired by the Commission, co-ordinates the work, evaluates the results and consolidates the possible different views. Members of the IEF represent EU and EFTA Member States, industry (through UNICE, Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe) and environmental protection organisations (through EEB, European Environmental Bureau). The Commission establishes, after consolidating the IEF, Technical Working Groups (TWGs) to prepare the IPPC BAT Reference Documents (BREFs). There will be altogether 32 TWGs, also chaired by the Commission. Members of the TWGs are experts of the Member States (one per country) and representatives of UNICE and EEB.
The Member States nominate their National Focal Points (NFP) to the BAT work. These focal points co-ordinate the national commenting of the BREFs and nominate the IEF and TWG representatives of the countries.
TWG work is based on co-operation between the Member States. The technical preparation of the BREFs is carried out at the European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB), which is hosted by the European Commission Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS, part of the Commission Joint Research Centre, JRC) in Seville, Spain. EIPPCB staff consists of permanent office holders and experts from the Member State. EIPPCB collects information from the TWG members but also from other sources world wide. The TWG has two meetings, one in the beginning of the BREF preparation and the other when the final draft BREF is ready to be approved by the TWG.
A BREF is the IPPC BAT Reference Document for a specific industrial branch listed in the IPPC Directive Annex 1. These activities are divided into 32 categories for which a timetable for BREF preparation work is set up as follows:
Start year Industrial
Branch (IPPC Directive Annex 1 )
1997 Pulp and Paper; Iron and Steel; Cement
and Lime; Cooling Systems.
1998 Chlor‑Alkali;
Ferrous Metal processing, Non‑Ferrous
Metal processes; Glass; Tanneries, Textiles; Monitoring systems.
1999 Refineries;
Large Volume Organic Chemicals; Large Volume Gaseous and Liquid Inorganic
Chemicals; Smitheries and Foundries; Intensive Livestock Farming; Emissions
from storage of bulk or dangerous materials; and common wastewater and waste
gas treatment/ management systems in the chemical sector, Economic and cross
media issues.
2000 Large
volume solid inorganic chemicals; Slaughterhouse/animal carcasses; Food and
Milk; Large Combustion Plant.
2001 Ceramics;
Polymers; Surface treatment of metals; Surface treatments using solvents; Waste
Incineration.
2002 Speciality
inorganic chemicals; Organic fine chemicals; Landfills; Waste Recovery/Disposal
activities
The work program is subject to
review and change in light of discussions in the IEF and Commission services. The working
status for each of the BREFs can be closely followed at the EIPPCB web
site http://eippcb.jrc.es/ , where you can find
references of the background material used, documents and reports produced as
well as contact information to the experts involved in the work.
Table 2 Contents of the BREF
Introduction
Summary
1. General information of the industry
2. Applied processes and techniques
3. Present consumption and emission levels
4. Candidate BAT techniques
4.1 Available
techniques
4.2 Performance
level of the candidate BATs (emission and consumption levels)
5. Best
Available techniques
6. Emerging techniques
7
Conclusions
and recommendations
Annexes:
1. Literature
2. Branch specific detailed information
3. National and international legislation
4. Emission monitoring
5. Technical information of the candidate
BATs
Preparation
of one BREF takes around 1 - 3 years depending on the scale of the industrial
sector in question. The preparation has, until now, been divided into two
phases. Chapters 1 to 3 are commented in the first round and the second
commenting period includes all the 7 chapters.
In
the BREFs BAT is presented with help on descriptions of the resources and
techniques used. The resources include raw material (including water and
energy), emissions and economical point of views.
The
BREFs contain information both to the permitting authorities and industry on
the best available techniques as well as on emission and consumption levels
that are achievable with those techniques. Thus, the BREFs act as the
benchmarks of BAT and they must be taken into account when determining the use
of BAT in the environmental
permits. The technique catalogues in the BREFs do not exclude any techniques if
their use of resources equals or is better than that in the BREFs. As earlier mentioned, the information
in the BREFs has to be applied according to the local conditions. A closer
description on the use of the BREFs can be found in annex 1.
In
addition to the industrial BREFs,
EIPPCB is also preparing some more general Reference Documents, i.e. on
monitoring of emissions as well as on cross media and economical issues.
EU legislation (EURLEX) includes the
directives and decrees in force as
well as legislation in development
http://europa.eu.int/eur‑lex/en/index.html
UK web site on international agreements and EU legislation http://djl04.djl.co.uk/
European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER)
European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB) http://eippcb.jrc.es/
IMPEL http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/impel/
The European Environment Agency (EEA) was launched by the European Union (EU) in 1993 with a mandate to orchestrate, cross‑check and put to strategic use information of relevance to the protection and improvement of Europe’s environment. The Agency, based in Copenhagen, Denmark, has a mandate defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1210/90 to ensure the supply of objective, reliable and comprehensive information at European level, enabling its member states to take the requisite measures to protect their environment, to assess the result of such measures and to insure that the public is properly informed about the state of the environment.
The home page of the European Environment
Agency is http://org.eea.eu.int/. EEA=s search service is in http://search.eea.eu.int/compass. Except EEA's own databases the search
facilitates also searching from "other environmental sites". Information
of industrial pollution, its prevention and cleaner production etc. is
available.
The Agency carries out its tasks in co‑operation with the European Information and Observation Network (EIONET). EIONET was set up and is co‑ordinated by the Agency. The EIONET Network facilitates co-operation and flow of data and information between EIONET partners and with the EEA. EIONET consists of national networks, organised by the Agency to help it retrieve information, identify special issues and produce efficient and timely information on Europe’s environment. The Agency uses not only existing capacities in member states, but co‑operates actively with other bodies and international organisations to build synergy and to avoid duplicate efforts.
The Finnish Environment Institute is the Finnish National Focal Point (NFP) to the European Environment Agency (EEA). The National Focal Point co‑ordinates the activities on the national level and participates in the planning and development of the activities of the EIONET (http://www.vyh.fi/eng/fei/eea.htm).
Enviro Windows is an extranet
service and an information clearinghouse for NGOs, research groups, business
and private enterprises in general.
The State of the Environment Reports
Information System (SERIS) includes documentation of environment reports in
European countries.
Sustainability Targets and Reference
Database (STAR) is an inventory of current environmental policy targets and
sustainability reference values (SRVs) which apply in the EEA member countries.
EEA=s links to the National Web sites with environmental information are in http://eionet.eea.eu.int/index.shtml , and the links with environmental information on different environmental themes are in: http://themes.eeaa.eu.int .
1.4. THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created by Executive Order in 1970. The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment - air, water, and land - upon which life depends. Its home page is: http://www.epa.gov/. General information about EPA is given in the following address: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/epa.html . The Internet services of EPA are very wide and EPA can be an excellent source of information.
The enactment of major new environmental laws and important amendments to older laws in the 1970s and 80s greatly expanded EPA’s responsibilities. The Agency now administers ten comprehensive environmental protection laws: The Clean Air Act (CAA); the Clean Water Act (CWA); the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA); the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or “Superfund”); the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA); Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA); and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA).
EPA is now the lead agency for implementing most environmental protection laws in the United States (more information about the laws and regulations: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/rules.html and in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm). EPA also sets and enforces most federal environmental standards and administers most environmental programs not related to natural resources, land management, or wildlife conservation (http://www.epa.gov/epahome/programs.htm).
The programs can be classified in the following way:
$
Programs
designed to make the EPA work better and smarter; http://www.epa.gov/reinvent/
$
Programs
for business and industry to participate in or benefit from; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/industry.htm
$
Scientific
and research related programs; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/program2.htm
$
General
environmental and multi-media programs; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/program2.htm
$
State,
local and tribal projects; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/partners.htm
$
Programs
dealing with specific media groups; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/media.htm
$
Programs
focused on either a land mass or political border; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/places.htm
$
Other
programs not related to form or location including environmental management,
financing, and technology; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/othrproj.htm
EPA consists of several
offices. Because of large
databases, it is useful to go directly to the correct
office. From the EPAP viewpoint the key offices are written in
bold.
Office of the Administrator (http://www.epa.gov/adminweb/index.htm) provides overall supervision of the Agency and is responsible directly to the President of the United States, but there are also several other offices (http://www.epa.gov/epahome/locate1.htm) including:
$
Office
of Administration and Resources Management; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/OARM.html
$
Office
and Air and Radiation; http://www.epa.gov/oar/oarhome.html
$
American
Indian Environmental Office; http://www.epa.gov/indian/
$
Chief
Financial Officer; http://www.epa.gov/ocfopage/
$
Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance; http://es.epa.gov/oeca/
$
Office of Inspector General; http://www.epa.gov/oigearth/b
$
Office
of International Activities; http://www.epa.gov/oia/
$
Office
of Policy; http://www.epa.gov/oppe/oppe.html
$
Office of Prevention, Pesticides and
Toxic Substances; http://www.epa.gov/internet/oppts/
$
Office
of Research and Development; http://www.epa.gov/ORD/
$
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response; http://www.epa.gov/swerrims/
$
Office
of Water; http://www.epa.gov/OW/
In addition, there are EPA Regional Offices, which are responsible within selected states for the execution of the Agency’s programs, considering regional needs and the implementation of federal environmental laws (more information about regional offices: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/locate2.htm).
Postal addresses, Email and phone numbers to contact EPA are available in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/postal.htm. Links to the latest EPA news, press releases, activities update, newsletters, and speeches are in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/news.htm. EPA=s Center for Environmental Information and Statistics features data, graphs, maps and reports about environmental quality, status and trends. Some of the information is presented in http://www.epa.gov/ceis/.
Answers to frequently asked questions concerning EPA are available in http://www.epa.gov/history/faqs/index.htm. If you are visiting EPA from outside the USA, the staff of Infroterra can help you find EPA information. Infroterra in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/intl.html responds to request from the international community for environmental information through document delivery, database searching, bibliographic products, purchasing information, and referrals to experts.
EPA has a search server ASearch the EPA Internet@ helping to look for information in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/search.html. It can be used to search information from EPA=s Internet pages by inputting specific words on the search server.
EPA has also a list of EPA NCEPI Documents available for viewing in the following
address: http://www.epa.gov/clariton/clhtml/pubtitle.html
. A direct hypertext link from a
title will go directly to the Clarit System and display the first page of the
document.
Environment
Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca ) is the
Canadian counterpart organisation to EEAA.
Environment
Canada's mission is to make sustainable development a reality in Canada by
helping Canadians live and prosper in an environment that needs to be
respected, protected and conserved.
The amount
of information provided in the internet is rather wide.
From the
EPAP viewpoint the key issues are the pollution prevention databases.
The Canadian pollution prevention information
clearinghouse (CPPIC):
http://www3.ec.gc.ca/cppic/index_e.htm
This page
addresses routinely asked pollution prevention questions: http://www3.ec.gc.ca/cppic/solns_e.cfm
Evolution,
involvement and promoting pollution prevention is discussed in:
http://www.ec.gc.ca/cepa/ip07/e07_00.html
Pollution
prevention in industries:
http://www.ec.gc.ca/pollut/indust_e.htm
Pollution
Prevention Fact Sheets: http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/epb/fpd/en/prevention/#more
For
information on pollution and toxic substances select the heading in: http://www.ec.gc.ca/pollut/index_e.htm
Compliance
Promotion Bulletins: http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/epb/fpd/en/compliance/#more
The Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention
,C2P2, established
by Environment Canada in 1992, is
a non-profit organisation that provides 'at source' environmental solutions by
getting the right information to the right people.
Easy access
to regional, national and international pollution prevention (P2) information
is
available
through: Internet Site: (http://c2p2.sarnia.com ). With a Canadian focus, the site
provides constantly updated information and covers a broad spectrum of topics
highlighting P2 efforts, resources, tools and links to other systems. The direct link to topic site is: http://c2p2.sarnia.com/info/p2ig98.html#Topics
The P2 Reference Library is another
possibility to receive information. C2P2 maintains Canada’s P2 reference
library with national and international P2 references, offering an ‘Available
Publications’ (http://www.ebtech.net/c2p2/info/avail-pubs.html)
listing of more than 75 pollution prevention reports, guides and manuals. These
resources cover industry institutions and public interest subjects that offer
pollution prevention options.
There is a
possibility to join the on-line forum, P2
dialogue (http://www.ebtech.net/c2p2/cpinfo/about.html
) dedicated to the sharing of pollution prevention information. P2 Dialogue's 150 participants are
connected electronically and share successes, available resources, key contacts
and opportunities for co-operation.
A similar
service CP Info (http://www.ebtech.net/c2p2/cpinfo/about.html
)is an international on-line forum dedicated to communication between cleaner
production information providers.
Since the
publication of the first issue of 'at the source' in 1992, the newsletter's circulation has
grown to
reach more than 4500 individuals world wide interested in up-to-date
information on
pollution
prevention issues. Our readership is broad and includes large industry,
small-and
medium-sized
business, governments, consultants and the public.
The C2P2
works also with pollution prevention projects, organises and facilitates
pollution prevention training , workshops
and conferences, like the annual Canadian Pollution Prevention Roundtable.
Industry Canada : Canadian Environmental Solutions. CES
currently addresses industry sector problems related to water, air, soil,
research and development, and energy. CES contains 1980 environmental
problems,1920 solutions and their descriptions, along with the 872 companies
that can provide the solutions. All are accessible using full-text search.
Publications of Environment Canada can be found also in:
http://www.ec.gc.ca/pands_e.html#public
1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES, UNITED KINGDOM
The Environment Agency in England is found
in the address:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk . The Scottish
Environmental Protection Agency
is in: http://www.sepa.org.uk and The Environment and
Heritage Service (EHS) in Northern Ireland in: http://www.ehsni.gov.uk
.
General
information of the Environment Agency in England is found in:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/aboutus/index.htm
From the
EPAP viewpoint the key information
of the Environmental Agency is the following:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ourservices/index.htm
:
- Integrated Pollution
Control - technical guidance notes and information for business
and
industry: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ipchome.html
- Online pollution
prevention guidance notes - guidance for business and home on
preventing pollution: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ppgs.html
- IPPC Directive - the
background the legislation, the industries it covers and what
the
agency is doing to ensure effective enforcement:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ippchome.html
-
Waste
Management Information - guidance on special waste management and your "producer
responsibility obligations" for packaging waste (online notes and
PDF documents):
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ippchome.html
- Enforcement and
prosecution policy - the revised document setting out the four key
principles of good enforcement, and the factors on which decisions to
prosecute will
be based:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/epp.htm
-
MCERTS
- agency's assessment scheme for
pollution monitoring equipment:
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ourservices/tech_guid_notes/tec_gui_nt_mcerts.htm
Guidance for Business and Industry web pages are being provided as an
aid to the location of
environmental
regulation and policy carried out by the Environment Agency. This will include
details about Guidance Notes for regulated industries, information about
regulatory regimes (e.g. IPC, IPPC) as well as information about pollution
prevention and waste minimisation. These pages now include the full texts of
some older Guidance Notes (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ipchome.html#Abatement
. Implementing the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive is described
in: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/package.html
The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency;
SEPA's task is to protect the land, the air, the water, the core elements
forming the very fabric of our environment. It will do so in partnership with
others and in a way which enables Scotland to sustain a strong and diverse
economy. http://www.sepa.org.uk/sepainfo/aboutsepahome.htm
SEPA main index from where interesting topics can be easily found: http://www.sepa.org.uk/mainindex.htm
SEPA has a
long list of process guidance notes
but they are not available on-line.
http://www.sepa.org.uk/guidance/pgnotes.htm
SEPA is
collaborating with the Environment Agency and the Environment and Heritage
Service in Northern Ireland in the production of a range of Pollution
Prevention Guidance Notes (PPGs).
Each PPG is targeted at a particular industrial sector or activity and
aims to provide advice on statutory responsibilities and good environmental
practice. As well as being used by Agency staff, the PPGs also function as
invaluable sources of advice for industry and members of the public. Each PPG is updated from time to time, and the date of
the most recent update can be found at the end of both the paper and electronic
versions.
Pollution prevention guidance notes (25 pcs) are available in:
http://www.sepa.org.uk/guidance/ppg/ppghome.htm and other technical guidance notes in:
http://www.sepa.org.uk/guidance/techguidehome.htm
SEPA's publications
can be obtained from: http://www.sepa.org.uk/publications/pubhome.htm
. There is
also a
number of leaflets on the priority environmental questions (all in PDF-format)
which provide short description of the issues.
The Environment and Heritage Service, EHS of
Northern Ireland:
( http://www.ehsni.gov.uk/EnvironProtect
) was set up as an agency within the Department of the Environment for Northern
Ireland in 1996, to provide integrated care for the natural and built heritage,
together with environmental protection, a provision which is unique in the
UK.
EHS is
responsible for implementing environmental policy in Northern Ireland within
the framework of Northern Ireland legislation, European Commission Directives
and other provisions.
The EHS has
much more limited information available on-line than the Environment Agency of
UK and the Scottish SEPA.
1.7
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY, AUSTRALIA
The
Environmental protection Authority ( http://www.epa.vic.gov.au )
together with the Department of the Environment and Heritage ( http://www.environment.gov.au/index.html ) have a well developed knowledge source Environment Australia Online. The drop-down
menu provides information e.g.
of the following topics: air,
biodiversity, chemicals, coasts and marine, economics, environmental impact
assessment, greenhouse, hazardous waste,
industry and state of the environment.
In the
industry sector there are several separate home pages:
-
Environment
Australia - Environment Industries Focus
Unit Home Page (http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/eifu/index.htm)
-
Environment
Australia - Environment Protection Home
Page (Air Quality, Air Toxics,
Chemicals and the
Environment, Environmental Impact Assessment, Ozone Protection,
Sustainable
Industries, Sustainable Transport)
-
National Packaging Covenant Home
Page (http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/covenant/index.html
)
-
-
Oil Recycling Home Page ( http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/oilrecycling/index.html
)
-
WasteWise Construction Program Home
Page http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/wastewise/index.html
-
Australia's
EnviroNET | Environmental Education
Database
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/education/index.html
-
Environment
Australia - Chemicals and the
Environment Branch
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/chemicals.html
-
Environment
Australia - Sustainable Industries
Branch
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/env_sust.html
-
Welcome
to Australia's EnviroNET
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/environet.html
-
Industry-related
Datasets
http://www.environment.gov.au/edd/owa/edd_search2.browse_category?category=INDUSTRY
Other key issues in the industrial
sector are:
-
Cleaner Production and
eco-efficiency (http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/index.html)
-
Environmental
Technologies (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Environmental+Technologies&page_format=1)
-
Recycling (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Recycling&page_format=1)
-
Waste Management (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Waste+Management&page_format=1 )
-
Wastewater (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Wastewater&page_format=1
)
-
Water Quality (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Water+Quality&page_format=1
The Eco-efficiency and Cleaner Production
homepage provides publications and research papers in:
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/publications.html
Examples
and case studies by industry (a number of industrial sectors) are available in:
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/industry.html
In the home
page Examples and case studies a
search service is provided. Search
can be done by industrial sector or directly by key word. The key word "Cleaner
production" gives about 400
documents.
Getting
Ahead of the Game, An anticipatory approach to environmental management
A Cleaner Production Handbook for Local
Government is
available in the address:
http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/pubs/cp_handbook2.html
In
Australia the University of Queensland
is participating in the UNEP Working Group for Cleaner Production in the Food Industry ( http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp ). As a result the university is an excellent source for Cleaner Production information especially
in food industry.
Recent
papers can be received in: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/Papers.htm
1.8 THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD)
OECD Headquarter=s home page is: http://www.oecd.org/ . General information about OECD can be found in http://www.oecd.org/about/ . Activities of the OECD are described in http://www.oecd.org/activities.htm, where is also detailed information on the specialised work of the OECD, as well as contact points for getting in touch with the Organisation.
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is the international organisation of the industrialised, market‑economy countries. At OECD, representatives from Member countries meet to exchange information and harmonise policy with a view to maximising economic growth within Member countries and assisting non‑Member countries develop more rapidly.
Associated with the OECD are several agencies or bodies which have their own governing statutes. These include:
$
The
International Energy Agency (IEA); http://www.iea.org/homechoi.htm
$
The
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA); http://www.nea.fr/
$
European
Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT); http://www.oecd.org/cem/
$
Center
for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI); http://www.oecd.org/els/edu/ceri/index.htm
$
OECD
Development Centre; http://www.oecd.org/dev/
$
Club
du Sahel; http://www.oecd.org/sah/
Even if OECD is an economic organisation, it has a rather wide sector, OECD-Environment
(http://www.oecd.org/env/ ), which is useful for EPAP. In this page there are clickable links to main activities, under these titles there are several interesting topics to EPAP :
- environmental outlook & strategy
- integrating economic & environmental policies
- globalisation and environment
- increasing resource efficiency (e.g. waste minimisation, eco-efficiency, biodiversity, BAT)
- sustainable consumption
- climate chance & environmentally sustainable transport
- environmental health & safety programme
- waste management
- co-operation with non-member countries
- environmental performance reviews
- environmental data & information
- environmental indicators
The search service of OECD-Environment
is: http://www.oecd.org/env/search.htm and the advanced search : http://www.oecd.org/env/searchadv.htm
.
OECD's Work on Waste Management is presented in the address: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/waste/index.htm. Waste minimisation policy is discussed in the address: http://www.oecd.org/env/efficiency/wastemini.htm . The site provides also a number of related links.
Under the tittle Co-operation with non-member countries (http://www.oecd.org/env/eap/links.htm) OECD provides a number of governmental and non-governmental links. The subtitle: Industry and Environment gives :
- INEM - International Network for Environmental Management (http://www.inem.org)
- ISO 14000 Info-Centre (http://www.iso14000.com )
- UNEP Programme on Cleaner Production (http://www.unepie.org/Cp2/home.html )
Downloadable documents of the following environmental and economic issues: Policies,
Economic Aspects of Biodiversity, Trade
and Environment, Environment and Transport,
Pollutants: Treatments and Alternatives, Environment and Energy, Climate Change,
Sustainable
Consumption and Production, Environmental
Performance: Reviews, Data and Indicators, Economies in Transition can be found
in http://www.oecd.org/env/online.htm
.
The Environmental Health and Safety Programme publishes documents in these
different series: Testing and Assessment, Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring,
Pesticides, Risk Management, Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology,
Chemical Accidents, Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers and Emission Scenario Documents.
A number of reports can be downloaded from the address: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/ehsmono.
Under the headline Integrating Economic & Environmental Policies the following topics are discussed: Policy Integration, Economic Instruments, Green Tax Reform, Water Pricing,
Voluntary Approaches, Subsidies, Biodiversity, Trade, Investment, Agriculture and the Environment and Climate Change. The freely-available documents produced by the Economics Division, or in conjunction with other OECD Directorates, can be downloaded by clicking on the relevant document reference number in the address:
http://www.oecd.org/env/policies/docs.htm
Priced publications on topics relating to integrating economic and environmental policies are listed in the address: http://www.oecd.org/env/policies/publications.htm
In late 1993, the OECD Environment Directorate launched a Project on
Environmental Requirements for Industrial Permitting. The project involved three distinct phases: (i) a survey of permitting legislation, regulations and practices in OECD countries;
(ii) the preparation of case studies of four industrial sectors (pulp and paper with country profiles, metal finishing, oil refining, and iron and steel); and (iii) an international workshop on environmental permitting of industrial facilities which was held in May 1996. A summary of the publication can be read in the address: http://www.oecd.org/env/efficiency/technology.htm.
1.9. THE UNITED NATION’S
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (UNIDO)
The home page of United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) is in http://www.unido.org/. Links to the services provided by UNIDO are in http://www.unido.org/doc/what.htmls.
Since 1966, UNIDO has been working with governments, business associations and individual companies to solve industrial problems and equip them to help themselves. As the world has changed, so also has UNIDO. Throughout its existence, the Organisation has been developing, advocating and implementing innovative routes to industrial development (http://www.unido.org/doc/f330897.htmls).
As of 1 January 1998, 168 States are Members of UNIDO. They meet once every two years at the General Conference. The Conference is UNIDO’s supreme governing body, which determines the guiding principles and policies, approves the budget and work program of UNIDO and appoints the Director‑General. It also elects representatives to the 53 seats on the Industrial Development Board and to the 27 seats on the Program and Budget Committee (http://www.unido.org/doc/f330897.htmls).
Activities of UNIDO are grouped in two areas:
$
Strengthening of industrial
capacities
$
Cleaner and sustainable industrial
development
UNIDO=s activities are directed primarily to support institutions rather than to individual enterprises, thus emphasising upstream activities such as policy advisory services and institutional capacity‑building. Support is provided for the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as the principal means for achieving equitable and sustainable industrial development. Emphasis is also given to the integration of women in industrial development.
UNIDO supports and promotes the sustainable industrial development of developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Preserving the universal character of the Organisation, UNIDO gives special emphasis to least developed countries, in particular in Africa. Throughout its programs, UNIDO promotes international industrial co-operation: between developed and developing countries, among developing countries and between developing countries and countries with economies in transition (Business Plan on the Future Role and Functions of UNIDO in http://www.unido.org/doc/f7.htmls).
The UNIDO Web server, which can be used to search more information from UNIDO=s Internet pages, is in http://www.unido.org/doc/Search.htmls. It is a practical tool in helping to find specific information. The UNIDO Web server has links to the staff directory, which includes contact information about the people in UNIDO, and to the Industrial Development Abstracts (IDA) Database. UNIDO maintains the IDA Database, which is a source of information on the
activities of UNIDO to assist industrialisation in developing countries. Information from the IDA Database can be searched in http://www.unido.org/IDA.htmls. IDA contains over 11 000 fully indexed abstracts of UNIDO documentation and includes descriptions of major studies and reports, reports resulting from UNIDO’s technical co-operation activities, reports and proceedings of expert working groups, workshops and seminars, and publications in series. The time frame is from 1981 to today. New entries are added each month. The IDA Database contains only the abstracts of the documents, and the full document can be ordered by an On-line Order Form with a minimum charge of US$ 10 per order. The On-line Order Form is in the search server of IDA Database.
UNIDO is converting popular reports to PDF files. At the moment, the number of reports is limited, but more reports will be added in the future.
http://www.unido.org/doc/Publications.htmls
The home
page of United Nations Environment Programme is: http://www.unep.org/.
There you can find information about selected topics from a drop-down menu.
The mission
of the organisation is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in
caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and
peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future
generations.
UNEP's
approach to environmental management revolves around the creation of effective
partnerships. They combine the values and interests of governments with the
strengths of UN agencies, IGOs, NGOs and the private sector. UNEP promotes
partnerships by demonstrating what makes sustainable development happen.
UNEP's
work, a great portion being scientific and technical in nature, to leverage
knowledge in support of decision making
in environmental management and sustainable development, has contributed to
the establishment of a number of scientific advisory groups for which UNEP acts
as the convener.
UNEP has functional programmes in the following
fields:
Technology, industry and
economics
Environmental
information, assessment and early warning
Environmental
policy development and law
Environmental
policy implementation
§
Regional
co-operation and representation
The Division of
Technology, Industry and Economics (UNEP DTIE) works with decision makers in government, local
authorities and industry to develop and adopt policies and practices that:
Are
cleaner and safer
Make
efficient use of natural resources
Ensure
adequate management of chemicals
Incorporate
environmental costs
Reduce pollution and risks for
human and the environment.
UNEP DTIE
consists of Division Office (email: unep.tie@unep.fr),
International Environmental Technology Centre (email: ietc@unep.or.jp), Production and Consumption
Unit, Chemicals Unit (chemicals@unep.ch),
Energy and Ozone Action Unit (email: uneptie@unep.fr),
and Economics and Trade Unit (etu@unep.ch).
The units have following missions:
The Division Office (http://194.51.235.137/hp_division_office.html)
sets policy within UNEP DTIE and ensures co-operation on key issues such
as outreach, technology transfer, information systems and programmatic themes
between the UNEP DTIE units and other UNEP Divisions.
International Environmental Technology Centre (home page: http://www.unep.or.jp/) promotes the
adoption and use of environmentally sound technologies with a focus on the
environmental management of cities and freshwater basins in developing
countries and countries in transition.
Production and Consumption Unit
(home page: http://194.51.235.137/hp_pc.html)
fosters the development of cleaner
and safer production and consumption patterns that lead to increased
efficiency in the use of natural resources and reductions in pollution.
Chemicals Unit (home page: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/)
promotes sustainable development by catalysing global actions and building
national capacities for the sound management
of chemicals and the improvement of chemical safety world-wide, with a
priority on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Prior Informed
Consent (PIC, jointly with FAO).
Energy and Ozone Action Unit
(home page: http://194.51.235.137/hp_oa.html)
supports the phase-out of ozone depleting substances in developing countries
and countries with economies in transition, and promotes good management
practices and use of energy, with a focus on atmospheric impacts.
Economics and Trade Unit (home
page: http://www.unep.ch/etu/) promotes
the use and application of assessment and incentive tools for
environmental policy and helps improve the understanding of linkages
between trade and environment and the role of financial institutions in
promoting sustainable development.
In 1975,
UNEP created Industry and Environment
Centre (UNEP/IE) - to promote cleaner and safer industrial production and
consumption patterns (home page: http://www.rolac.unep.mx/indusamb/ing/indus_i.htm;
contact information: http://www.rolac.unep.mx/indusamb/ing/indus_i.htm#Contact).
Agenda 21, adopted at the Rio Earth Summit, has provided the plan of action;
UNEP and its Industry and Environment Centre exist to help all nations to meet
that agenda. Co-ordinating action with all UNEP units - and particularly the International Register on Potentially Toxic
Chemicals - UNEP/IE reaches out to its partners in business and industry,
national and local governments, and international and non-governmental
organisations. UNEP/IE acts as a catalyst, providing a platform for dialogue,
helping to move from confrontation to co-operation, from words to concrete
actions.
The goals of the UNEP Industry and Environment
Programme are to:
Build
consensus for preventive environmental protection through cleaner and
safer industrial production and consumption
Help
to formulate policies and strategies to achieve cleaner and safer
production and consumption patterns, and facilitate their implementation
Define
and encourage the incorporation of environmental criteria in industrial
production
Stimulate the exchange of
information on environmentally sound technologies and forms of industrial
development.
The
resources available for UNEP for the administration and implementation of its
programme come from four distinct sources: regular budgets of the United Nations, environment fund,
trust funds and counterpart contributions (http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=208).
Links to
the products and services provided by UNEP are listed in http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=101.
The services include library, information services, publications, media room,
networks, information clearing houses, audio visual services, focal points and
environmental links. The environmental links are available in http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=101&ArticleID=1693.
UNEP
provides information of Environmentally Sound Management of
industrial pollutants in its page: http: www.unep.org/Documents.asp?ClassID=22000
UNEP’s
headquarters are in Nairobi, but it has regional offices for Africa, Asia and
the Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and West
Asia. UNEP offices and UNEP administered convention secretariats around the
globe are listed in http://www.unep.org/UNFactSheet/. UNEP’s current achievements are
presented in http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=250.
The link of
the UNEP's Index Page is: http://www.unep.ch/earthw/subindex.htm
1.11 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)
Home page
of WHO is: http://www.who.int/.
The objective of WHO is the attainment by all
people of the highest possible level of health. Health, as defined in the WHO
Constitution, is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In support of its main
objective, the Organisation has a wide range of functions, including the
following:
§
To act
as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work
§
To
promote technical co-operation
§
To
assists Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services
§
To
furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid,
upon the request or acceptance of Governments
§
To
stimulate and advance work on the prevention and control of epidemic, endemic
and other diseases
§
To
promote, in co-operation with other specialised agencies where necessary, the
improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working
conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene
§
To
promote and co-ordinate biomedical and health services research;
§
To
promote improved standards of teaching and training in the health, medical and
related professions
§
To
establish and stimulate the establishment of international standards for
biological, pharmaceutical and similar products, and to standardise diagnostic procedures
§
To
foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those activities
affecting the harmony of human relations.
WHO also
proposes conventions, agreements, regulations and makes recommendations about
international nomenclature of diseases, causes of death and public health
practices. It develops, establishes and promotes international standards
concerning foods and biological, pharmaceutical and similar substances.
Through its
many international networks, WHO is uniquely placed to generate health data,
apply facts to problems, and recommend solutions that can lead to real
improvements in health. Much of the information developed by WHO is made
available to the world through an extensive programme of publications, now
numbering 4 periodicals and around 50 new books each year. Information about
WHO publications and instructions about how to order them are in http://www.who.int/dsa/. Links to WHO
reports are in http://www.who.int/home/reports.html.
WHO’s
search program to find information
is in: http://chef.who.int:9654/?WHOhq+WHOhqHTML . WHO’s information sources, including
virtual library, links, databases, library catalogues and reference desks, are
available in http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/virtuallib.htm.
To search WHO’s library catalogue, go to http://www.who.int/hlt
and click on "WHOLIS (Library catalogue)". Search info bases are
available in http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?softpage=Policy42.
For EPAP
WHO is one of the sources to obtain information of chemicals and their health
and environmental impacts.
2. CLEANER PRODUCTION IN VARIOUS
INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
The World
Bank Group's new approach which is
emerging incorporates the concepts of sustainable development and cleaner
production, together with an emphasis on good management practices.
The concept
"Cleaner Production" was
coined by UNEP in September 1990.
Like in the "source reduction" cleaner production has
its emphasis inside the production:
selection and development of cleaner processes, use of safer chemicals,
designing products with longer useful lives etc. End-of-pipe treatment is not usually a cleaner production
option, even if it is in many cases needed. However, when cleaner production
processes are in place, also the costs of end-of -pipe treatment are more
reasonable.
Cleaner production is the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase eco-efficiency and reduce risks for humans and the environment. It applies to:
- production processes: conserving raw materials and energy eliminating toxic raw materials and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes
- products: reducing negative impacts along the life cycle of a product from raw materials extraction to its ultimate disposal
- services: incorporating environmental concerns into designing and delivering services
- cleaner production requires applying know how, improving technology, and changing
attitudes
The following questions are answered in the address: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/RESOURCE/cp_opportunity/opprfrm.htm
What is
Cleaner Production ?
Why is
Cleaner Production Important?
What are
the Benefits of Cleaner Production?
If It Is So
Good, Why Isn't Everybody Doing It?
In the same
site there is more information under the tittle: Cleaner production: An Opportunity for Industry: UNEP Cleaner Production,
Training and Technical Assistance, Implementing Cleaner Production : The
National Cleaner Production Centres Programme (NCPC), International Policy
Initiatives, Strategies and
Mechanisms for Promoting Cleaner Production Investments in Developing
Countries, Conclusion and
References.
There is a number of related terms and concepts which have similar overall goals which are often used interchangeably but which may have significant differences in basic principles and in emphasis. For example Eco-Efficiency starts from issues of economic efficiency which have positive environmental benefits while cleaner production starts from issues of environmental efficiency which have positive economic benefits. The inter linkages between eco-efficiency and cleaner production are discussed and the approach “eco-efficiency” presented in the address: http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/consume/unep.html .
Other related terms are “low-or-no-waste technologies”, “waste minimisation (India)”, “waste and emission prevention (Netherlands)”, “source reduction (US)” and “environmentally sound technology (UNCSD, United Nations Council on Sustainable Development)”. All these essentially refer to the same concepts of integrating pollution reduction into the production process and even products. Moreover "Cleaner Technology" and "Clean Technology" are often used as synonyms for Cleaner Production. The search with these terms as key words might also produce useful information.
Even if the phrase "cleaner technology" is practically the same than "cleaner production", the search engines are not able to recognise this if the analogy is not stated in keywords of the report. Even the different spelling in British and American English can cause problems. Therefore it is essential to try different key words in information searches.
According to Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook : "Cleaner Production goes beyond pollution prevention. Cleaner production encompasses production processes and management procedures that use less resources than conventional technologies and also generate less waste and toxic or other harmful substances. Today, Cleaner Production aims to include everything from the drawing board to the final disposal and/or reuse of the product". Cleaner production has thus also elements of Life Cycle Assessment, LCA.
An introduction to Cleaner Production can be found in:
http://www.netspace.net.au/~kiam/Cp799/CPintroduction.html
A general
guide to setting up a Cleaner Production Project:
http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/facts/nc/tips.html
Pollution Prevention (P2) is the American approach to
pollution abatement which is based on
the
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990.
It is also rather close to Cleaner Production and provides thus a good
source of information for industrial pollution abatement.. Pollution prevention (P2) is the use of
materials, processes or practices that reduce or eliminate the creation of
pollutants. Terms often used interchangeably with pollution prevention are
source reduction and waste minimisation. P2 includes segregation, beneficial
reuse, recycling, and treatment operations that can be included as part of a
production process or the management of waste. The application of P2 practices
within the global industrial community can beneficially impact the global
environment and a corporation's economics by reducing waste and subsequently reducing cost.(http://www.remedial.com/p2/p2-home.htm).
The National Pollution Prevention Roundtable (http://www.p2.org/about ), is the largest membership organisation
in the United States devoted solely to pollution prevention (P2). The mission
of the Roundtable is to provide a national forum for promoting the development,
implementation, and evaluation of efforts to avoid, eliminate, or reduce
pollution at the source.
2.2 Contacts and Expert Institutions
(Database for Africa):
National Cleaner Production Center in Egypt is the Planning and
Follow-up and Technical Co-ordination Department /EEAA and the Centre for Environment and Development for
the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) is also based in Cairo. Other expert institutions and contacts
are given in:
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/contact_expert/africa.htm
2.3 Information of Cleaner Production in
industry
Open search
with the phrase "cleaner production" gives almost 13 000 hits. In
this report most of the links have been found through the different
organisations. The key
sources are US EPA, WB/NIPR, UNEP,
UNIDO, CEPA and Environment
Australia Online.
Together
with partner organisations like UNIDO,
the UNEP has very wide databases of cleaner production. Several links
are given in: http://www.unepie.org/Cp2/cp_worldwide/Links_sites/international_links.html
Enviro$en$e (
http://es.epa.gov/ ), part of the U.S. EPA’s web site, provides
a single repository for pollution prevention, compliance assurance, and
enforcement information and data bases. The search engine searches multiple web sites (inside
and outside the EPA), and offers assistance in preparing a search.
In the
address: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/ WB/NIPR publishes a long list of working papers and
other materials related to the Economics of Industrial Pollution Control
Research Project.
In the
address: http://www.usaep.org/resource.htm is the US-AEP CP Internet Guide which provides CP information of some industrial
sectors.
The EPA's
Office of Compliance has developed a series of profiles or notebooks containing information
on selected major industries. These notebooks, which focus on key
indicators that holistically present air, water, and land pollutant release
data, have been thoroughly reviewed by
experts
from both inside and outside the EPA.
Each
Notebook brings you comprehensive, well-researched detail gathered for the
first time in a single source and includes ( http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/ ):
-
a
comprehensive environmental profile
-
industrial
process information
-
pollution
prevention techniques
-
pollutant
release data
-
regulatory
requirements
-
compliance/enforcement
history
-
government
and industry partnerships
-
innovative
programs
-
contact
names
-
bibliographic
references
-
description
of research methodology
It is
possible to download the entire document or any of the three sectors. First sector comprises of introduction to the sector notebook
project, introduction to the industry and industrial process description. Second sector deals with chemical
release and transfer profile and pollution prevention opportunities. Third sector introduces applicable
federal statutes and regulations, compliance and enforcement history,
compliance assurance activities and initiatives, contacts, acknowledgements,
resource
materials and bibliography.
Environmental
Management Solutions (EMS) is a leading provider of pollution prevention
(P2) and waste minimisation (WMin)
technical support services. EMS specialises in pollution prevention and the
management and minimisation of hazardous,
radioactive and mixed waste. EMS offers services that include on-site
training, program review and development and the development and modification
of standard operation procedures for P2/WMin operations. In its homepage http://www.remedial.com/p2/p2-home.htm it provides a great number of useful links most of
which are to well known international organisations; the sub tittles are:
-
P2
Overview ( http://www.remedial.com/p2/overview.htm
)
(Terms and definitions associated with P2, waste minimisation, source
reduction,
and cleaner production)
-
Technology
Demonstrations (http://www.remedial.com/p2/demos.htm )
(Evaluations of emerging P2 technologies for various industry sectors,
including
laminating, coating and molding)
- P2 Tools (http://www.remedial.com/p2/tools.htm
(Includes links to free Internet resources;
CAGE (Coating Alternatives Guide)
and SAGE (Solvents
Alternatives Guide), a pollution prevention assessment checklist; a summary of
selected pollution prevention measurement tools and methods; and a national
database of pollution prevention products and services)
-
Industry
Specific P2 Guides (http://www.remedial.com/p2/guides.htm
)
(Technical manuals for four industries: printing, plastics, raisin
drying, and wine making
Also includes annotated links to examples of P2 in action on the
Internet. )
-
Environmental
Management Systems ( http://www.remedial.com/p2/ems.htm
)
(This
area describes the relationship between P2 and ISO 14001, and provides a
gateway to
EMS-Plus, a free web-based tool for assessing environmental management
system
performance)
- Pollution Prevention
Sources on the Internet http://www.remedial.com/p2/p2-links.htm
( An annotated list of
information resources)
Another
list of Internet resources for those seeking information about pollution prevention
technologies, programs, and policies is in: http://www.p2.org/intl/activities/new/Internet.html.
While it is by no means exhaustive, the links provide useful starting
points for Internet research.
The EEA
provides a guide: Cleaner Production: A Guide to Information
Sources in: http://themes.eea.eu.int:80/showpage.php?pg=40503
.
Why is
there reluctance to take pollution prevention action, when benefits can be
shown? Resistance to change is inevitable - we are asking people to change
behaviour and avoid the creation of pollution in the first place. Often, this
translates into great effort to overcome barriers and encourage pollution
prevention action. The Canadian Centre for Pollution
Prevention (C2P2) has responded to this challenge by building a network of
resources to help organisations achieve real results and show their commitment
to pollution prevention. The C2P2 was founded to
encourage
the adoption of pollution prevention (P2) approaches - a goal that will always
be at the heart of our organisation: http://c2p2.sarnia.com/newsletter/winter99.html and
http://c2p2.sarnia.com/whatsnew / (what's new in pollution prevention,
Canadian pollution prevention clearinghouse). The search service
of C2P2 (http://c2p2.sarnia.com/query2.html ) also finds several documents of cleaner production and
pollution prevention.
The concept
of Eco-efficiency was coined by the
global business community in response to the "wake-up call" given by
the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), that was held in 1992. During the last few years, the
concept of Eco-efficiency has
gained an increasing acceptance among industries and businesses, mainly due to
the concerted effort of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development
(WBCSD). As a result, the number of businesses that have one or another form of
Eco-efficiency programs have increased significantly during the last few years.
Thus, as businesses commit significant resource for the process, the need for
measuring progress towards the desirable objectives has become essential. Eco-efficiency indicators and the
sustainable enterprises are
presented in:
http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/staff/desta_mebratu/desta10.html
The WB/NIPR
presents the average pollution abatement
costs by industrial sectors ($1993/ton)
in: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1398/index.htm#TofC6
Even if the
data is old, it gives the order of magnitude of pollution abatement costs (36
industrial sectors).
The
Internet Centre for Cleaner Production provides a long list of Cleaner production sites world wide
in: http://www.netspace.net.au/~kiam/Cp799/CPsites.html
The
University of Queensland presents
Cleaner Production Resources on the Web (tens of links):
http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/weblinks.htm
Swedish
experience of Cleaner production is reported under the tittle: Extended Producer Responsibility
as a Strategy to Promote Cleaner Production
http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/research/products/epr/epr_seminar_1992/epr_1992_arnfalk.html
Small
Business Waste Reduction Guide: http://es.epa.gov/new/business/sbdc/sbdc.htm
The list of publications produced by UNEP
as part of the work programme on sustainable
production
and consumption is in :
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/RESOURCE/list_publication/lpbfrm.htm
Case studies in various industrial sectors is provided in:
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/manufact.shtml
The US
Environmental pollution prevention project, EP3, publishes EP3 Case Studies
of
electroplating, textile, battery manufacture, printing and tanning industry in
:
http://es.epa.gov/ep3/ep3300.html
In the
address: http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/research/management/current_research.html there are several research and
master of theses reports of environmental management and cleaner production.
2.4 Tools for pollution prevention:
substitution of solvents and use of less harmful coatings
Different
kind of solvents are widely used in
many industrial sectors. They also
form a source of hazardous wastes in industry. A wide publication database on solvents is provided in the address:
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/solvent.html
Respectively
a wide publication database on hazardous
waste is in : http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/hazardous.html
When
adopting cleaner production technology less hazardous chemicals are used as
solvents. The Solvent Alternatives Guide provides a tool to assess the
alternatives: http://www.sage.rti.org
Cleaning
solvents and degreasers are often used at industrial plants when performing machinery maintenance
operations. Traditional solvents
often contain toxic chemical compounds
that may
qualify the waste product as hazardous waste. To limit worker exposure to toxic
chemicals and reduce the regulatory requirements for the facility, solvents
containing any of the EPA 17 Industrial Toxic Chemicals should be avoided. The
17 chemicals are listed below:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/fedfac/cfa/wood/solvents.html .
From this page also short guide of Solvent Alternatives can be
downloaded.
The Integrated Solvent Substitution Data System
(ISSDS) ( http://es.epa.gov/issds ) is provided by Enviro$en$e to access solvent alternative
information through a single, easy to use command structure. It provides different alternatives to
search the information:
The Direct Query allows a user to directly specify the query and
the collections to be searched.
The Assisted Query aids the user in determining the collection
information categories for the user. It is expected that after the user has
used the system for a
period of time, usage
will shift to the Directed Query.
The Guided Query guides the user in determining the relevant
information for his/her needs. It is expected that after the user has used the
system for a period
of time, usage will
shift to the Assisted Query.
The Data Browser allows the user to access the native data
collections on its host system. The page also describe the collections and
their contents.
The System Status Page contains information on system
availability and use.
The On-line Help page describes the functions of the
ISSDS.
Related Documents link contains documents which relevant information.
When
finishing different industrial products coatings are often used. The Coatings Guide is a pollution
prevention tool for paints and coatings users. The Coatings Guide contains
several tools to help users identify low-volatile organic compound/hazardous
air pollutant coatings that may serve
as drop-in
replacements for their existing coating operations. The Coating Alternatives Index
http://cage.rti.org/index.cfm connects you with information about
the alternatives. Each alternative has a brief summary and additional links
that deal with case studies, economic and environmental information,
references, etc. To decide which alternative would be best for you, use the
Coatings Guide Expert System.
Guides to
Cleaner Technologies:
Organic
Coating Removal:
http://es.epa.gov/program/epaorgs/ord/org-rmvl.html
and
Organic
Coating Replacements:
http://es.epa.gov/program/epaorgs/ord/org-coat.html
2.5 Cleaner Production in some industrial
sectors
Previous
chapter already contains a lot of information of the following industrial
sectors because it was not possible to pick the links from the link lists
presented. Therefore it is useful
to go trough the whole chapter "Cleaner Production in Various Industrial
Sectors".
The EPA Sector Notebooks provide
comprehensive information of pulp and paper industry:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasn.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasnp1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasnp2.pd
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasnp3.pdf
The World
Bank/NIPR has three reports which are dealing with pulp and paper industry:
Environmental
inspections and emissions of the pulp and paper industry: the case of Quebec:
http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1447/index.htm
Why Paper
Mills Clean Up: Determinants of Pollution Abatement in Four Asian Countries:
http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1710/index.htm
Monitoring
and Enforcement of Environmental Policy:
http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/cohen/index.htm#TopOfPage
Information
of recycling and recycled paper products is available in:
http://www.webdirectory.com/Recycling/Recycled_Paper_Products/
Control of dioxins in pulp and paper
industry is discussed in:http://www.rff.org/disc_papers/PDF_files/9708.pdf
A wide publication database on pulp and paper industry covering cleaner
production, auditing waste minimisation etc. is provided in: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/pulp_paper.html
Technical full scale and pilot scale case studies (70 pcs) of manufacturing paper and paper products is in:
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/paper_21/house/casename.shtml
EPA has also sector notes of textile industry, they form a wide database of the industry:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/textilsnp1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/textilsnp2.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/textilsnp3.pdf
The USETI program, "Cleaner Production
for the Textile Dyeing and Finishing Industry," was arranged to kick off an initiative to foster cleaner
industrial production processes within APEC economies. The objective of this
training program was to provide the textile dyeing and finishing industry in
the Asia Pacific region with comprehensive training on the implementation of
various cleaner production processes and technologies ranging from good
housekeeping, material substitution, energy and water conservation, and
used-material recycling, to life cycle design, improved process design and
operation, and Environmental Management Systems (EMS). Proper implementation of
cleaner production processes and technologies will enable firms to increase
their production efficiency, reduce their adverse environmental impacts, and
strengthen their market competitiveness.
http://www.useti.org/update_2nd_98.html
Cleaner Technology Assessment and
Environmental Performance Indicators for Textile Wet Processing is presented in: http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/publications/theses-98/xir_abst.html
The WB/NIPR report Why Paper Mills Clean Up: Determinants of Pollution Abatement in
Four Asian Countries contains also information of Indonesian textile plants:
http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1710/#nr8
The address: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/textile_17/house/casename.shtml comprises
of 40 technical case studies of manufacture of textiles.
Most of the information of food processing industry and cleaner production is presented in chapter 3.3 from where it is not very easy to find. This is because the links are included in wider databases. EPA has no sector notes on food industry.
The University of Queensland as a participant of the UNEP Working Group for Cleaner Production in the Food Industry provides information of Cleaner Production:
- A Guide to Cleaner Production in the Food Industry: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/Intro.htm
- Cleaning up the Food Industry: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/cleanup.htm
- A Cleaner State: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/State.htm
- The Country Bake Story: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/papers.htm
The Project on Promotion of Cleaner Technology in Thai Industry includes food industry:
http://www.tei.or.th/bep/ctic/danced.cfm
"Waste Minimisation Opportunity Audits to Introduce Cleaner Technologies in
Lithuanian Industry" -project is dealing with different branches of industry electronics,
tannery, rubber, food processing (meat, dairy & sweets), paper, and textile industry.
http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/research/eastern_europe/lithuania/cp_kaunas_1993-95.html
Publication
database on food processing: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/food.html
Technical
Case studies: Manufacture of food products and beverages (48 pcs):
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/food_15/house/casename.shtml
EPA's sector notes are available for metal fabrication industry:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsn.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsnpt1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsnpt2.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsnpt3.pdf
For the metal finishing industry a number
of Cleaner Production guides and manuals are available:
The UNEP
Working Group for Cleaner Production in the Metal Finishing Industry:
http://www.yarranet.swin.edu.au/yarranet/bus/pages/cpaust/welcome.htm
Enviro$en$e
Metal Finishing Content Guide:
http://es.epa.gov/es-guide/metals/metals.htm
Pollution
prevention resource manual for metal finishers:
http://www.iams.org/p2iris/metalfinish/metalfin.htm
Hard Chrome
Pollution Prevention Demonstration Project Interim Report:
http://www.iti.org/ee/eem/techdemo/chromep2/index.html
A guide to
Cleaner Technologies and alternative metal finishes:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/fedfac/fflexp2/alt-metl.html
Generic
Package: Report on Pollution Prevention in Mass Finishing Operations: http://es.epa.gov/program/regional/trade/msfn-rpt.html
Waste
Minimisation in Metal Parts Cleaning: http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/facts/metlprtz.html
Metal
Finishing Pollution Prevention Opportunities Checklist:
http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/facts/cheklst3.html
Publication
database on metal finishing : http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/metal.html
Technical
case studies of Manufacturing of fabricated metal products (59 pcs):
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/metal_28/house/casename.shtml
Databases containing metal casting industry and cleaner production :
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsna.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsnapt1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsnapt2.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsnapt3.pdf
Cleaner
Production Manual for the Foundry Industry:
http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/foundry.htm
Most of the information of cleaner production in iron and steel industry is in previous chapters. EPA's sector notes are available also to this sector:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/iron&stl.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/ironstlpt1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/ironstlpt2.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/ironstlpt3.pdf
Technical
case studies in manufacturing of basic metals (23 pcs) is in:
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/basicm_27/house/casename.shtml
Some cleaner production information of this industrial sector has been presented already in previous chapters.
Publication
database on leather processing industry: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/leather.html
Technical
case studies of Tanning and dressing of leather (18 pcs) :
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/leather_19/material/casename.shtml
EPA has sector notes both for organic and inorganic chemical industry:
Organic chemical industry:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organic.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organicpt1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organicpt2.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organicpt3.pdf
Inorganic chemical industry:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsn.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsnpt1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsnpt2.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsnpt3.pdf
Compliance assistance tools in chemical sector are available in:
http://es.epa.gov/search97cgi/s97_cgi?action=View&VdkVgwKey=%2Fdata%2Fenviro01%2Fprivate%2Fdocs%2Foeca%2Fmain%2Fcompasst%2Fchem%2Ehtml&DocOffset=194&DocsFound=338&QueryZip=%22sector+notebook%22&Collection=oeca&
The report of Chemicals in the environment- Public Access Information is discussing Hazard identification and
dose-response assessment, the report also assesses Cleaner Technology
substitutes, in : http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/cie/issue02j.pdf
Publication
database for chemical industry:
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/chemical.html
Technical
case studies of manufacturing chemicals and chemical products (59 pcs)
http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/chemical_24/house/casestudy.shtml
EPA's
sector notes of petroleum refining industry:
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsn.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsnpt1.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsnpt2.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsnpt3.pdf
http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/oilgas.pdf
The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook
of World Bank sets
maximum air emissions and discharge requirements in World Bank projects: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/Docs/TOC?OpenDocument
. The principles are stated in
chapter: Industrial Pollution
Management. Maximum Air Emissions
and Effluent Discharge Requirements in Guidelines are summarised in tables in different industrial
sectors. A part of the chemicals
are hazardous. The
manual also includes General
Environmental Guidelines which presents emission levels normally acceptable to the World Bank. Moreover the manual has industry sector
guidelines.
A clear list of emission guidelines and limit values has not been found. UNEP, OECD and WHO have a lot of information of different kind of chemicals , but clear emission values are not available. Limit values are often determined in the national legislation and the limits also depend on the size of production. In this field nothing similar to "WHO drinking water standards" exists.
In the European Union emission guidelines and limit values can be found in the Union's legislation but it is rather time consuming to locate them in the following links:
Monitoring of atmospheric pollution:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102030.html
Water protection and management:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102020.html
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102040.html
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102050.html
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15103030.html
International co-operation:
http://www.vyh.fi/eng/intcoop/agreem/agrind.htm
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_151040.html
OECD has emission limits in Climate Chance Documents:
http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/freedocs.htm (emission limits).
Tools for pollution prevention, substitution of hazardous chemical with less hazardous one's has been partly described in the chapter "Cleaner production". Solvent alternatives and coating alternatives guides aim at utilisation of less harmful chemicals. Cleaner production as such has the same target.
Environment Australia Online provides information on recent
development in international chemicals section: http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/chemicals/ic.html
:
Prior
Informed Consent (PIC)
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
Other
International Chemical Issues
Related Sites
"Prior informed consent" is a procedure that helps
participating countries learn more about the characteristics of potentially
hazardous chemicals that may be shipped to them, initiates a decision making
process on the future import of these chemicals by the countries themselves and
facilitates the dissemination of this decision to other countries. This process
gives importing countries the power to make an informed decision on which
chemicals they want to receive and to exclude those they cannot manage
safely. Full details on the
Convention can be found at the joint FAO/UNEP website: http://irptc.unep.ch/pic
The Governing Council of the United Nations
Environment Program, UNEP ( http://irptc.unep.ch/pops)
has agreed to develop a global, legally binding treaty to control the
use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are hazardous and environmentally persistent substances
which can be transported between countries by the earth's oceans and
atmosphere. The substances bioaccumulate and have been traced in the fatty
tissues of humans and other animals. There is general international agreement
that they require immediate global action. Currently UNEP has identified 12 substances
as POPs. The treaty will be
designed to eliminate production and remaining uses for POPs which are
intentionally produced, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
organochlorine pesticides. It will also aim
to explore feasible and practical methods to reduce the emission of POPs
occurring as unwanted by-products (mainly dioxins and furans), particularly
through cleaner technologies, process modifications and other means.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Information Paper was prepared in
April 1998 in response to public enquiries to relevant Commonwealth Government
agencies about their current views on health and environmental aspects of the
issue of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It addresses a series of common
questions.
EDC Links:
-
US
EPA, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances: http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo
-
OECD
Environmental Health and Safety - Chemicals Programme: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/endocrin.htm
Related Sites
Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a chemicals
programme: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/chem2.htm
Intergovernmental
Forum for Chemical Safety (IFCS): http://www.who.int/ifcs . The IFCS was
established
as new mechanism for co-operation among governments for the promotion of
chemical risk management and the environmentally sound management of chemicals.
UNEP Chemicals & WHO GEENET: http://irptc.unep.ch . UNEP Chemicals is the centre for all
chemicals-related activities of the United Nations Environment Programme.
Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound
Management of Chemicals (IOMC):
http://www.who.int/iomc
. The IOMC was established
in 1995 to serve as a mechanism for co-
ordinating
efforts of intergovernmental organisations in the assessment and management
of
chemicals.
International Programme on Chemical Safety
(IPCS): http://www.who.int/pcs/index.htm
The
International Programme on Chemical Safety or IPCS established in 1980, is a
joint
programme
of three Co-operating Organisations, ILO, UNEP and WHO, implementing
activities
related to chemical safety. IPCS is an intersectoral coordinated and
scientifically
based
programme. WHO is the Executing Agency of the IPCS.
There are enormous amount of virtual, electronic and on-line libraries in the Internet. All the big organisations have their own libraries in the Internet, but there are also other public libraries. Moreover there are professional “electronic journals” (Alta Vista : 96 000 hints).
The search ”virtual library” in the Internet gives with Alta Vista 275 000 hints. Respectively the search “electronic library” gives 80 000 links. Narrowing the search (”virtual library + industry”) gives only 26 documents but many of them are full of new links. The search “ virtual library + environment” gives 2200 documents
The virtual library provides links to electronic resources in an attempt to assist experts , in quickly locating information to assist them in their daily work. The virtual library complements the services of the ordinary library.
The
EPA on-line library can be found
from the link: http://cave.epa.gov/ .
The World Bank on-line library is in the
address: http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/digitalibrary.htm
The World Bank depository and regional library
programme is found trough the link:
http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/depolibraries.htm
The WHO has
several links to its libraries: http://www.who.int/hlt/aboutlib/English/aboute.htm
,
http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/virtuallib.htm and http://unicorn.who.ch/.
The Georgia Institute of technology, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering has a virtual library in the address: http://www.ce.gatech.edu/WWW-CE/industry.html
A great number of virtual libraries from different universities can be found from the link:
http://mother.lub.lu.se/ae/bydomain/118901-118950.html
Examples of electronic journals are from the University of Saskatchewan Libraries :
electronic journal: “Environmental Management” in the link
http://library.usask.ca/ejournals/03/6/0364-152X.html and The University of Adelaide Library Electronic Resource Collection , which contains a long list of electronic journals: http://www.library.adelaide.edu.au/erc/E.html .
Environment Matters is a collaborative undertaking produced in print and on the Web once a year in the Fall by the World Bank http://www-esd.worldbank.org/envmat/ . This issue, which serves as the Bank’s annual review on the environment, looks back on the World Bank’s environmental work from July 1998 through this past June (our fiscal year 1999), and highlights upcoming challenges and opportunities.
The Overview article reviews major
environmental activities in fiscal 1999 and describes the current effort to
develop an Environment Strategy for the Bank. The second article describes
emerging trends in the Bank’s environmental portfolio.
Each of the
Bank’s operational regions has written an overview of the region’s work for the
past year, taking a close look at the accomplishments, lessons learned, and
future challenges within its own portfolio of projects.
The address : http://www2.unimaas.nl/~egmilieu/main.htm welcomes to the European Environmental Law Homepage. Here you can find full text cases, legislation and other materials related to European Environmental Law. Apart from these primary sources, several dossiers and articles offer a more in depth view on specific issues.
The
counterpart organisations of
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency can be contacted trough the
Internet very easily. The home
pages of different organisations and institutes may contain useful information
for EEAA and trough the homepages also detailed information can be searched.
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Australia:
Environment Australia Online, http://www.erin.gov.au/
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Canada:
Environment Canada’s Green Lane, http://www.ec.gc.ca
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Czech
Republic: Ministry of the Environment, http://www.env.cz/env.nsf/pages/indexE
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Denmark:
Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.mst.dk/homepage/
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Estonia:
Ministry of Environment, http://envir.envir.ee/eng/index.html
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European
Union: European Environment Agency, http://www.eea.eu.int/
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Finland: The Ministry of Environment, http://www.vyh.fi/eng/welcome.html
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France:
The Ministry of the Environment, http://www.environnement.gouv.fr/english/default.htm
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German:
The German Federal Environment Ministry, http://www.bmu.de/english/index.htm
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Great
Britain:
DETR
‑ Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, http://www.detr.gov.uk/
Environment
Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/
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Indonesia:
SDNP ‑ Sustainable Development Networking Programme Indonesia, http://www.sdn.or.id/sdn/index.html
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Ireland:
Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.ie/
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Island:
Ministry for the Environment, http://brunnur.stjr.is/interpro/umh-english.nsf/pages/front
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Japan:
Environment Agency, Government of Japan, http://www.eic.or.jp/eanet/en/emain.html
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New
Zealand: Ministry for the Environment, http://www.mfe.govt.nz/
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Norway:
Ministry of the Environment, http://www.odin.dep.no/md/eng/index.html
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Sweden:
Ministry
of the Environment, http://miljo.regeringen.se/english/english_index.htm
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USA:
EPA ‑
Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/
NOAA
‑ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, http://www.noaa.gov/
A much more comprehensive list of environmental
agencies can be
found in the address:
http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/epas.htm
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CEH ‑
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK, http://www.ceh-nerc.ac.uk/index.html
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DMU ‑
National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark, http://www.dmu.dk/1_english/default.asp
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EEA ‑
European Environment Agency, http://www.eea.eu.int/
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European
Conservation Institutes Research Network, CONNECT
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Finland: The Finnish Environment Institute, http://www.vyh.fi/eng/welcome.html
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Latvian
Environment Data Centre , http://www.vdc.lv/eng/
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REC ‑
The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, http://www.rec.org/Default.shtml
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SINTEF
‑ The Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian
Institute of Technology, http://www.sintef.no/
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Swedish
Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.environ.se:8084/
$ Worldwatch Institute, http://