This report was produced for the Egyptian Pollution Abatement Project EPAP by Mr. Lauri Kattelus from the Finnish Environment Institute. The goal of this study is to provide selected links on pollution abatement technology, useful to industrial environmental management and environmental administration. Overlapping with the existing EEAA web sites is avoided as far as possible by selecting direct links to relevant sites.

Chapter I includes the results of a search by organisation. The organisations screened are the World Bank (WB), the European Union (EU), the European Environment Agency (EEA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Environment Canada, Environmental Agencies in the UK, Environmental Protection Authority in Australia, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Chapter II contains information of Cleaner Production in Various Industrial Sectors. The search is based both to open searches and searches through the organisations.

Moreover the report comprises of short chapters on Emission Guidelines, Virtual Libraries, Links to some environmental agencies in different countries and Environmental Treaties.

Information search in the Internet requires practising. All the search engines have their own help desks. It is useful to have a look at them. Search results are presented so that the "best matches" are on top of the list.

The EEAA has already its own www-services and some of the organisations can be contacted through these sites. In this report the emphasis is on industrial pollution and its prevention and a direct link into the relevant sites is provided whenever possible.

The report is available only as an electronic version which allows direct utilisation of the links and addresses located.

1. INFORMATION SEARCH BY ORGANISATION

1.1 THE WORLD BANK

The World Bank has a broad database of research on global economic and environmental issues. The address of the home page is http://www-esd.worldbank.org/ . Search service can be found from the home page; however it is recommended to use the search services provided under relevant main headings like New Ideas for Pollution Regulation ( NIPR) , World Bank-Environment etc. NIPR has a targeted search of "all industrial resources" which can be very useful (http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/search.htm ).

An easy starting point in World Bank pages is the site map which gives the topic headlines in alphabetical order, by clicking the blue topic all the pages can be opened: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/ext/language.nsf/1c5f3a985e71f084852567b100598550/c212a6e715a6e301852567b1006250c1?OpenDocument . Most of the headlines are not relevant to EPAP.

From the EPAP point of view the most important headlines in the site map could be:

- Pollution Management http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/PMExt.nsf/d798dd11401b4e068525668000766b9d/2c4814272584a5538525667f007091ce?OpenDocument

- NIPR (New Ideas in Pollution Regulation) http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/index.htm

- Environment http://www.worldbank.org/environment/

- Non-governmental Organisations/Civil Society http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/d3f59aa3a570f67a852567cf00695688/867440ff3f16f6808525683b005d38f1?OpenDocument

- Privatisation Link http://privatizationlink.ipanet.net/

- Publications: http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/index.htm

- Library Site (Bank-IMF) & JOLIS: http://jolis.worldbankimflib.org/external.htm

The analysis of the causes and impacts of pollution needs to be carried out in a broad cross-sectorial way. Pollution Management site provides approaches to the problems in different ways:

- Policy Framework: policies, priorities, indicators, instruments …

- By Media: air, water, waste…

- By Sector: energy, industry and mining, transportation…

- By Region: Africa, East Asia & Pacific, Europe & Central Asia, Latin America & the Caribbean, Middle East & North Africa, South Asia

One of the key documents in pollution management is The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook , a comprehensive manual for industrial pollution control. The Handbook promotes the concepts of sustainable development by focusing attention on the benefits B environmental and economic B of pollution prevention, including cleaner production and good management techniques. Part I (aimed primarily at governmental decision makers) contains summary of key policy lessons, Part II (aimed at agencies and organisations) good practice notes of policy objectives and Part III (aimed at experts in various industrial sectors) detailed guidelines of industrial pollution management. The Handbook also comprises of maximum air emissions and effluent discharge requirements, pollutants, pollutant control technologies, industry sector guidelines and a wide glossary of professional terms. This handbook can be downloaded from the following address:

http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/Docs/TOC?OpenDocument

The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook is rather comprehensive, nearly 500 pages, but the link opens the homepage from where the interesting topics can be selected.

The original, in 1998 published version contains a number of typographic errors. A copy of the erratum sheet can be received from the address:

http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/Docs/Errata

In the Pollution Management "In Focus" Discussion Notes there is an interesting note of prerequisites of environmentally friendly privatisation (pdf- file).

In the Pollution Management knowledge base by sector, the tittles in Industry and mining sector are:

- Industrial management: Hazardous waste management, Cleaner production, Improving industrial environmental compliance

- Mining reform

- The International Council on Metals and the Environment (ICME)

Cleaner Production is discussed in a separate chapter of this report.

New Ideas in Pollution Regulation (NIPR) (http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/ ) is a special site for researchers, government officials and citizens interested in understanding and improving control of industrial pollution, especially in developing countries. NIPR has its main emphasis on economics of industrial pollution control and it is the primary source for materials produced by the World Bank's Economics of Industrial Pollution Control Research Project. The subtitles of NIPR are e.g. A New Approach (multiple actors, multiple incentives), Traditional Regulation and Firm Behaviour, The Role of Community in Pollution Control, Industrial Pollution Modelling & Data and GIS-Geographic Information Systems. The key topics discussed are enforcement, formal and informal regulation, public information and cost estimation of pollution control. There is also a number of related links and downloadable publications. NIPR also has an excellent targeted search service from "all industrial resources"( http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/search.htm )

NIPR has a project: Economics of Industrial Pollution Control Research Project. Related papers can be found in: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/index.htm .

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a tool designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic co-ordinates. It is usually used to display maps. GIS stores information in the form of thematic maps that can be linked together spatially. So, for example, the exact location of an industry can be specified on a map that shows the county, state, and country where that industry can be found as well as the industry's position relative to roads, rivers, and other industries. This makes GIS a potentially very powerful tool in pollution regulation. More information can be found in: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/gis/index.htm .

The World Bank/NIPR has published the book: Greening Industry: New Roles for Communities, Markets and Governments. The book is described in the NIPR page as follows: “Rebutting the conventional wisdom that developing countries lack the infrastructure and the resources to control pollution, this study shows how a new combination of information-intensive, citizen-empowering strategies can produce impressive results. With the cost of collecting and disseminating information falling, this is a timely and tremendously exciting book.” (Tom Teitenberg). The book can be downloaded from the address :

http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/greening/index.htm The address also provides extensive links to related Internet sites.

The World Bank Group has developed a Decision Support System for Integrated Pollution Control (IPC). The IPC system is a personal computer software package that comprises a set of extensive databases and a number of computation models. This software is downloadable from the site:

http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/PMExt.nsf/670c98692c42a13c852565e2005a58d8/fea1be21d8fa2fa085256681006ad180?OpenDocument . The computation modules enable a user to estimate:

· air, water and solid waste emissions based on inventory of economic activities for a given location;

· ambient concentrations of air and water pollutants by using simple (screening) dispersion models with minimum meteorological and hydrological data; total costs of control options by using standardised engineering-type cost functions; and long-run marginal cost schedules to achieve a certain level of emission reduction (or decline in ambient concentration) for a chosen pollutant.

The site http://www.worldbank.org/environment/ contains a lot of information of environmental issues. The headlines are: Environment Subtopics, Research & Data, Operational Policies, project Documents, Learning and Dialogue, Special Interest, Partnership & Initiatives, Key readings and General publications. Under these headlines tens of specific questions are discussed.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be used and cited accordingly. The working papers can be located in the address: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/

Energy and environment sector is very well represented in the World Bank Internet databases. Energy sector information can be found in the address: http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/

In the World Bank pages urban waste management is placed under the title “Urban development”. A number of reports of solid waste management can be viewed or downloaded from the page: http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/urban/solid_wm/sw_pubs.htm and another long list of publications of urban waste management is in the address: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/External/Urban/UrbanDev.nsf/Urban+Waste+Management/E34DBAD86F2C669B8525690400621D5B?OpenDocument

In the Internet structure a link leads to a number of new links. It is recommendable to make a bookmark or save the link in another way. The paths can be so long, that it is sometimes rather difficult to find the same link again. Further information of World Bank can be received using the links mentioned, checking the related links provided in the different pages or using the search service.

TWG work is based on co-operation between the Member States. The technical preparation of the BREFs is carried out at the European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB), which is hosted by the European Commission Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS, part of the Commission Joint Research Centre, JRC) in Seville, Spain. EIPPCB staff consists of permanent office holders and experts from the Member State. EIPPCB collects information from the TWG members but also from other sources world wide. The TWG has two meetings, one in the beginning of the BREF preparation and the other when the final draft BREF is ready to be approved by the TWG.

What is a BREF

A BREF is the IPPC BAT Reference Document for a specific industrial branch listed in the IPPC Directive Annex 1. These activities are divided into 32 categories for which a timetable for BREF preparation work is set up as follows:

Table 1 BREF timetable

Start year Industrial Branch (IPPC Directive Annex 1 )

1997 Pulp and Paper; Iron and Steel; Cement and Lime; Cooling Systems.

1998 Chlor‑Alkali; Ferrous Metal processing, Non‑Ferrous Metal processes; Glass; Tanneries, Textiles; Monitoring systems.

1999 Refineries; Large Volume Organic Chemicals; Large Volume Gaseous and Liquid Inorganic Chemicals; Smitheries and Foundries; Intensive Livestock Farming; Emissions from storage of bulk or dangerous materials; and common wastewater and waste gas treatment/ management systems in the chemical sector, Economic and cross media issues.

2000 Large volume solid inorganic chemicals; Slaughterhouse/animal carcasses; Food and Milk; Large Combustion Plant.

2001 Ceramics; Polymers; Surface treatment of metals; Surface treatments using solvents; Waste Incineration.

2002 Speciality inorganic chemicals; Organic fine chemicals; Landfills; Waste Recovery/Disposal activities

The work program is subject to review and change in light of discussions in the IEF and Commission services. The working status for each of the BREFs can be closely followed at the EIPPCB web site http://eippcb.jrc.es/ , where you can find references of the background material used, documents and reports produced as well as contact information to the experts involved in the work.

Table 2 Contents of the BREF

Introduction

Summary

1. General information of the industry

2. Applied processes and techniques

3. Present consumption and emission levels

4. Candidate BAT techniques

4.1 Available techniques

4.2 Performance level of the candidate BATs (emission and consumption levels)

5. Best Available techniques

6. Emerging techniques

7 Conclusions and recommendations

Annexes:

1. Literature

2. Branch specific detailed information

3. National and international legislation

4. Emission monitoring

5. Technical information of the candidate BATs

Preparation of one BREF takes around 1 - 3 years depending on the scale of the industrial sector in question. The preparation has, until now, been divided into two phases. Chapters 1 to 3 are commented in the first round and the second commenting period includes all the 7 chapters.

In the BREFs BAT is presented with help on descriptions of the resources and techniques used. The resources include raw material (including water and energy), emissions and economical point of views.

The BREFs contain information both to the permitting authorities and industry on the best available techniques as well as on emission and consumption levels that are achievable with those techniques. Thus, the BREFs act as the benchmarks of BAT and they must be taken into account when determining the use of BAT in the environmental permits. The technique catalogues in the BREFs do not exclude any techniques if their use of resources equals or is better than that in the BREFs. As earlier mentioned, the information in the BREFs has to be applied according to the local conditions. A closer description on the use of the BREFs can be found in annex 1.

In addition to the industrial BREFs, EIPPCB is also preparing some more general Reference Documents, i.e. on monitoring of emissions as well as on cross media and economical issues.

1.3 EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (EEA)

The European Environment Agency (EEA) was launched by the European Union (EU) in 1993 with a mandate to orchestrate, cross‑check and put to strategic use information of relevance to the protection and improvement of Europe’s environment. The Agency, based in Copenhagen, Denmark, has a mandate defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1210/90 to ensure the supply of objective, reliable and comprehensive information at European level, enabling its member states to take the requisite measures to protect their environment, to assess the result of such measures and to insure that the public is properly informed about the state of the environment.

The home page of the European Environment Agency is http://org.eea.eu.int/. EEA=s search service is in http://search.eea.eu.int/compass . Except EEA's own databases the search facilitates also searching from "other environmental sites". Information of industrial pollution, its prevention and cleaner production etc. is available.

The Agency carries out its tasks in co‑operation with the European Information and Observation Network (EIONET). EIONET was set up and is co‑ordinated by the Agency. The EIONET Network facilitates co-operation and flow of data and information between EIONET partners and with the EEA. EIONET consists of national networks, organised by the Agency to help it retrieve information, identify special issues and produce efficient and timely information on Europe’s environment. The Agency uses not only existing capacities in member states, but co‑operates actively with other bodies and international organisations to build synergy and to avoid duplicate efforts.

The Finnish Environment Institute is the Finnish National Focal Point (NFP) to the European Environment Agency (EEA). The National Focal Point co‑ordinates the activities on the national level and participates in the planning and development of the activities of the EIONET (http://www.vyh.fi/eng/fei/eea.htm).

Enviro Windows is an extranet service and an information clearinghouse for NGOs, research groups, business and private enterprises in general.

The State of the Environment Reports Information System (SERIS) includes documentation of environment reports in European countries.

Sustainability Targets and Reference Database (STAR) is an inventory of current environmental policy targets and sustainability reference values (SRVs) which apply in the EEA member countries.

EEA=s links to the National Web sites with environmental information are in http://eionet.eea.eu.int/index.shtml , and the links with environmental information on different environmental themes are in: http://themes.eeaa.eu.int .

1.4. THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created by Executive Order in 1970. The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment - air, water, and land - upon which life depends. Its home page is: http://www.epa.gov/. General information about EPA is given in the following address: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/epa.html . The Internet services of EPA are very wide and EPA can be an excellent source of information.

The enactment of major new environmental laws and important amendments to older laws in the 1970s and 80s greatly expanded EPA’s responsibilities. The Agency now administers ten comprehensive environmental protection laws: The Clean Air Act (CAA); the Clean Water Act (CWA); the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA); the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or “Superfund”); the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA); Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA); and the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA).

EPA is now the lead agency for implementing most environmental protection laws in the United States (more information about the laws and regulations: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/rules.html and in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm). EPA also sets and enforces most federal environmental standards and administers most environmental programs not related to natural resources, land management, or wildlife conservation (http://www.epa.gov/epahome/programs.htm).

The programs can be classified in the following way:

$ Programs designed to make the EPA work better and smarter; http://www.epa.gov/reinvent/

$ Programs for business and industry to participate in or benefit from; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/industry.htm

$ Scientific and research related programs; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/program2.htm

$ General environmental and multi-media programs; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/program2.htm

$ State, local and tribal projects; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/partners.htm

$ Programs dealing with specific media groups; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/media.htm

$ Programs focused on either a land mass or political border; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/places.htm

$ Other programs not related to form or location including environmental management, financing, and technology; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/othrproj.htm

EPA consists of several offices. Because of large databases, it is useful to go directly to the correct

office. From the EPAP viewpoint the key offices are written in bold.

Office of the Administrator (http://www.epa.gov/adminweb/index.htm) provides overall supervision of the Agency and is responsible directly to the President of the United States, but there are also several other offices (http://www.epa.gov/epahome/locate1.htm) including:

$ Office of Administration and Resources Management; http://www.epa.gov/epahome/OARM.html

$ Office and Air and Radiation; http://www.epa.gov/oar/oarhome.html

$ American Indian Environmental Office; http://www.epa.gov/indian/

$ Chief Financial Officer; http://www.epa.gov/ocfopage/

$ Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance; http://es.epa.gov/oeca/

$ Office of Inspector General; http://www.epa.gov/oigearth/b

$ Office of International Activities; http://www.epa.gov/oia/

$ Office of Policy; http://www.epa.gov/oppe/oppe.html

$ Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; http://www.epa.gov/internet/oppts/

$ Office of Research and Development; http://www.epa.gov/ORD/

$ Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response; http://www.epa.gov/swerrims/

$ Office of Water; http://www.epa.gov/OW/

In addition, there are EPA Regional Offices, which are responsible within selected states for the execution of the Agency’s programs, considering regional needs and the implementation of federal environmental laws (more information about regional offices: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/locate2.htm).

Postal addresses, Email and phone numbers to contact EPA are available in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/postal.htm. Links to the latest EPA news, press releases, activities update, newsletters, and speeches are in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/news.htm. EPA=s Center for Environmental Information and Statistics features data, graphs, maps and reports about environmental quality, status and trends. Some of the information is presented in http://www.epa.gov/ceis/.

Answers to frequently asked questions concerning EPA are available in http://www.epa.gov/history/faqs/index.htm. If you are visiting EPA from outside the USA, the staff of Infroterra can help you find EPA information. Infroterra in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/intl.html responds to request from the international community for environmental information through document delivery, database searching, bibliographic products, purchasing information, and referrals to experts.

EPA has a search server ASearch the EPA Internet@ helping to look for information in http://www.epa.gov/epahome/search.html. It can be used to search information from EPA=s Internet pages by inputting specific words on the search server.

EPA has also a list of EPA NCEPI Documents available for viewing in the following address: http://www.epa.gov/clariton/clhtml/pubtitle.html . A direct hypertext link from a title will go directly to the Clarit System and display the first page of the document.

1.5 ENVIRONMENT CANADA

Environment Canada (http://www.ec.gc.ca ) is the Canadian counterpart organisation to EEAA.

Environment Canada's mission is to make sustainable development a reality in Canada by helping Canadians live and prosper in an environment that needs to be respected, protected and conserved.

The amount of information provided in the internet is rather wide.

From the EPAP viewpoint the key issues are the pollution prevention databases.

The Canadian pollution prevention information clearinghouse (CPPIC):

http://www3.ec.gc.ca/cppic/index_e.htm

This page addresses routinely asked pollution prevention questions: http://www3.ec.gc.ca/cppic/solns_e.cfm

Evolution, involvement and promoting pollution prevention is discussed in:

http://www.ec.gc.ca/cepa/ip07/e07_00.html

Pollution prevention in industries:

http://www.ec.gc.ca/pollut/indust_e.htm

Pollution Prevention Fact Sheets: http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/epb/fpd/en/prevention/#more

For information on pollution and toxic substances select the heading in: http://www.ec.gc.ca/pollut/index_e.htm

Compliance Promotion Bulletins: http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/epb/fpd/en/compliance/#more

The Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention ,C2P2, established by Environment Canada in 1992, is a non-profit organisation that provides 'at source' environmental solutions by getting the right information to the right people.

Easy access to regional, national and international pollution prevention (P2) information is

available through: Internet Site: (http://c2p2.sarnia.com ). With a Canadian focus, the site provides constantly updated information and covers a broad spectrum of topics highlighting P2 efforts, resources, tools and links to other systems. The direct link to topic site is: http://c2p2.sarnia.com/info/p2ig98.html#Topics

The P2 Reference Library is another possibility to receive information. C2P2 maintains Canada’s P2 reference library with national and international P2 references, offering an ‘Available Publications’ (http://www.ebtech.net/c2p2/info/avail-pubs.html) listing of more than 75 pollution prevention reports, guides and manuals. These resources cover industry institutions and public interest subjects that offer pollution prevention options.

There is a possibility to join the on-line forum, P2 dialogue (http://www.ebtech.net/c2p2/cpinfo/about.html ) dedicated to the sharing of pollution prevention information. P2 Dialogue's 150 participants are connected electronically and share successes, available resources, key contacts and opportunities for co-operation.

A similar service CP Info (http://www.ebtech.net/c2p2/cpinfo/about.html )is an international on-line forum dedicated to communication between cleaner production information providers.

Since the publication of the first issue of 'at the source' in 1992, the newsletter's circulation has

grown to reach more than 4500 individuals world wide interested in up-to-date information on

pollution prevention issues. Our readership is broad and includes large industry, small-and

medium-sized business, governments, consultants and the public.

The C2P2 works also with pollution prevention projects, organises and facilitates pollution prevention training , workshops and conferences, like the annual Canadian Pollution Prevention Roundtable.

Industry Canada : Canadian Environmental Solutions. CES currently addresses industry sector problems related to water, air, soil, research and development, and energy. CES contains 1980 environmental problems,1920 solutions and their descriptions, along with the 872 companies that can provide the solutions. All are accessible using full-text search.

Publications of Environment Canada can be found also in:

http://www.ec.gc.ca/pands_e.html#public

1.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES, UNITED KINGDOM

The Environment Agency in England is found in the address:

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk . The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency

is in: http://www.sepa.org.uk and The Environment and Heritage Service (EHS) in Northern Ireland in: http://www.ehsni.gov.uk .

General information of the Environment Agency in England is found in:

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/aboutus/index.htm

From the EPAP viewpoint the key information of the Environmental Agency is the following:

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ourservices/index.htm :

- Integrated Pollution Control - technical guidance notes and information for business

and industry: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ipchome.html

- Online pollution prevention guidance notes - guidance for business and home on

preventing pollution: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ppgs.html

- IPPC Directive - the background the legislation, the industries it covers and what

the agency is doing to ensure effective enforcement:

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ippchome.html

- Waste Management Information - guidance on special waste management and your "producer

responsibility obligations" for packaging waste (online notes and PDF documents):

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ippchome.html

- Enforcement and prosecution policy - the revised document setting out the four key

principles of good enforcement, and the factors on which decisions to prosecute will

be based: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/epp.htm

- MCERTS - agency's assessment scheme for pollution monitoring equipment:

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ourservices/tech_guid_notes/tec_gui_nt_mcerts.htm

Guidance for Business and Industry web pages are being provided as an aid to the location of

environmental regulation and policy carried out by the Environment Agency. This will include details about Guidance Notes for regulated industries, information about regulatory regimes (e.g. IPC, IPPC) as well as information about pollution prevention and waste minimisation. These pages now include the full texts of some older Guidance Notes (http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/ipchome.html#Abatement . Implementing the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive is described in: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/epns/package.html

The Scottish Environmental Protection Agency; SEPA's task is to protect the land, the air, the water, the core elements forming the very fabric of our environment. It will do so in partnership with others and in a way which enables Scotland to sustain a strong and diverse economy. http://www.sepa.org.uk/sepainfo/aboutsepahome.htm

SEPA main index from where interesting topics can be easily found: http://www.sepa.org.uk/mainindex.htm

SEPA has a long list of process guidance notes but they are not available on-line.

http://www.sepa.org.uk/guidance/pgnotes.htm

SEPA is collaborating with the Environment Agency and the Environment and Heritage Service in Northern Ireland in the production of a range of Pollution Prevention Guidance Notes (PPGs). Each PPG is targeted at a particular industrial sector or activity and aims to provide advice on statutory responsibilities and good environmental practice. As well as being used by Agency staff, the PPGs also function as invaluable sources of advice for industry and members of the public. Each PPG is updated from time to time, and the date of the most recent update can be found at the end of both the paper and electronic versions.

Pollution prevention guidance notes (25 pcs) are available in:

http://www.sepa.org.uk/guidance/ppg/ppghome.htm and other technical guidance notes in:

http://www.sepa.org.uk/guidance/techguidehome.htm

SEPA's publications can be obtained from: http://www.sepa.org.uk/publications/pubhome.htm . There is

also a number of leaflets on the priority environmental questions (all in PDF-format) which provide short description of the issues.

The Environment and Heritage Service, EHS of Northern Ireland:

( http://www.ehsni.gov.uk/EnvironProtect ) was set up as an agency within the Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland in 1996, to provide integrated care for the natural and built heritage, together with environmental protection, a provision which is unique in the UK.

EHS is responsible for implementing environmental policy in Northern Ireland within the framework of Northern Ireland legislation, European Commission Directives and other provisions.

The EHS has much more limited information available on-line than the Environment Agency of UK and the Scottish SEPA.

1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY, AUSTRALIA

The Environmental protection Authority ( http://www.epa.vic.gov.au ) together with the Department of the Environment and Heritage ( http://www.environment.gov.au/index.html ) have a well developed knowledge source Environment Australia Online. The drop-down menu provides information e.g. of the following topics: air, biodiversity, chemicals, coasts and marine, economics, environmental impact assessment, greenhouse, hazardous waste, industry and state of the environment.

In the industry sector there are several separate home pages:

- Environment Australia - Environment Industries Focus Unit Home Page (http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/eifu/index.htm)

- Environment Australia - Environment Protection Home Page (Air Quality, Air Toxics,

Chemicals and the Environment, Environmental Impact Assessment, Ozone Protection,

Sustainable Industries, Sustainable Transport)

- National Packaging Covenant Home Page (http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/covenant/index.html )

- Oil Recycling Home Page ( http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/oilrecycling/index.html )

- WasteWise Construction Program Home Page http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/wastewise/index.html

- Australia's EnviroNET | Environmental Education Database

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/education/index.html

- Environment Australia - Chemicals and the Environment Branch

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/chemicals.html

- Environment Australia - Sustainable Industries Branch

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/env_sust.html

- Welcome to Australia's EnviroNET

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/environet.html

- Industry-related Datasets

http://www.environment.gov.au/edd/owa/edd_search2.browse_category?category=INDUSTRY

Other key issues in the industrial sector are:

- Cleaner Production and eco-efficiency (http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/index.html)

- Environmental Technologies (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Environmental+Technologies&page_format=1)

- Recycling (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Recycling&page_format=1)

- Waste Management (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Waste+Management&page_format=1 )

- Wastewater (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Wastewater&page_format=1 )

- Water Quality (http://www.environment.gov.au/ps/owa/ea_server_pk.list_ea_documents?subject=Water+Quality&page_format=1

The Eco-efficiency and Cleaner Production homepage provides publications and research papers in:

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/publications.html

Examples and case studies by industry (a number of industrial sectors) are available in:

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/industry.html

In the home page Examples and case studies a search service is provided. Search can be done by industrial sector or directly by key word. The key word "Cleaner production" gives about 400 documents.

Getting Ahead of the Game, An anticipatory approach to environmental management

A Cleaner Production Handbook for Local Government is available in the address:

http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/environet/eecp/pubs/cp_handbook2.html

In Australia the University of Queensland is participating in the UNEP Working Group for Cleaner Production in the Food Industry ( http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp ). As a result the university is an excellent source for Cleaner Production information especially in food industry.

Recent papers can be received in: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/Papers.htm

1.8 THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)

OECD Headquarter=s home page is: http://www.oecd.org/ . General information about OECD can be found in http://www.oecd.org/about/ . Activities of the OECD are described in http://www.oecd.org/activities.htm, where is also detailed information on the specialised work of the OECD, as well as contact points for getting in touch with the Organisation.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is the international organisation of the industrialised, market‑economy countries. At OECD, representatives from Member countries meet to exchange information and harmonise policy with a view to maximising economic growth within Member countries and assisting non‑Member countries develop more rapidly.

Associated with the OECD are several agencies or bodies which have their own governing statutes. These include:

$ The International Energy Agency (IEA); http://www.iea.org/homechoi.htm

$ The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA); http://www.nea.fr/

$ European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT); http://www.oecd.org/cem/

$ Center for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI); http://www.oecd.org/els/edu/ceri/index.htm

$ OECD Development Centre; http://www.oecd.org/dev/

$ Club du Sahel; http://www.oecd.org/sah/

Even if OECD is an economic organisation, it has a rather wide sector, OECD-Environment

(http://www.oecd.org/env/ ), which is useful for EPAP. In this page there are clickable links to main activities, under these titles there are several interesting topics to EPAP :

- environmental outlook & strategy

- integrating economic & environmental policies

- globalisation and environment

- increasing resource efficiency (e.g. waste minimisation, eco-efficiency, biodiversity, BAT)

- sustainable consumption

- climate chance & environmentally sustainable transport

- environmental health & safety programme

- waste management

- co-operation with non-member countries

- environmental performance reviews

- environmental data & information

- environmental indicators

The search service of OECD-Environment is: http://www.oecd.org/env/search.htm and the advanced search : http://www.oecd.org/env/searchadv.htm .

OECD's Work on Waste Management is presented in the address: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/waste/index.htm. Waste minimisation policy is discussed in the address: http://www.oecd.org/env/efficiency/wastemini.htm . The site provides also a number of related links.

Under the tittle Co-operation with non-member countries (http://www.oecd.org/env/eap/links.htm) OECD provides a number of governmental and non-governmental links. The subtitle: Industry and Environment gives :

- INEM - International Network for Environmental Management (http://www.inem.org)

- ISO 14000 Info-Centre (http://www.iso14000.com )

- UNEP Programme on Cleaner Production (http://www.unepie.org/Cp2/home.html )

Downloadable documents of the following environmental and economic issues: Policies,

Economic Aspects of Biodiversity, Trade and Environment, Environment and Transport,

Pollutants: Treatments and Alternatives, Environment and Energy, Climate Change,

Sustainable Consumption and Production, Environmental Performance: Reviews, Data and Indicators, Economies in Transition can be found in http://www.oecd.org/env/online.htm .

The Environmental Health and Safety Programme publishes documents in these

different series: Testing and Assessment, Good Laboratory Practice and Compliance Monitoring,

Pesticides, Risk Management, Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology,

Chemical Accidents, Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers and Emission Scenario Documents.

A number of reports can be downloaded from the address: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/ehsmono .

Under the headline Integrating Economic & Environmental Policies the following topics are discussed: Policy Integration, Economic Instruments, Green Tax Reform, Water Pricing,

Voluntary Approaches, Subsidies, Biodiversity, Trade, Investment, Agriculture and the Environment and Climate Change. The freely-available documents produced by the Economics Division, or in conjunction with other OECD Directorates, can be downloaded by clicking on the relevant document reference number in the address:

http://www.oecd.org/env/policies/docs.htm

Priced publications on topics relating to integrating economic and environmental policies are listed in the address: http://www.oecd.org/env/policies/publications.htm

In late 1993, the OECD Environment Directorate launched a Project on

Environmental Requirements for Industrial Permitting. The project involved three distinct phases: (i) a survey of permitting legislation, regulations and practices in OECD countries;

(ii) the preparation of case studies of four industrial sectors (pulp and paper with country profiles, metal finishing, oil refining, and iron and steel); and (iii) an international workshop on environmental permitting of industrial facilities which was held in May 1996. A summary of the publication can be read in the address: http://www.oecd.org/env/efficiency/technology.htm.

activities of UNIDO to assist industrialisation in developing countries. Information from the IDA Database can be searched in http://www.unido.org/IDA.htmls. IDA contains over 11 000 fully indexed abstracts of UNIDO documentation and includes descriptions of major studies and reports, reports resulting from UNIDO’s technical co-operation activities, reports and proceedings of expert working groups, workshops and seminars, and publications in series. The time frame is from 1981 to today. New entries are added each month. The IDA Database contains only the abstracts of the documents, and the full document can be ordered by an On-line Order Form with a minimum charge of US$ 10 per order. The On-line Order Form is in the search server of IDA Database.

UNIDO is converting popular reports to PDF files. At the moment, the number of reports is limited, but more reports will be added in the future.

Prices vary and are given for each product where applicable. Items listed under Reports and Documents are free of charge except for shipping and handling charges. A minimum charge of

Shipping and Handling is US$ 10.00 per order.

Both the downloadable and orderable UNIDO reports can be found in:

http://www.unido.org/doc/Publications.htmls

1.10 UNITED NATION’S ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP)

The home page of United Nations Environment Programme is: http://www.unep.org/. There you can find information about selected topics from a drop-down menu.

The mission of the organisation is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.

UNEP's approach to environmental management revolves around the creation of effective partnerships. They combine the values and interests of governments with the strengths of UN agencies, IGOs, NGOs and the private sector. UNEP promotes partnerships by demonstrating what makes sustainable development happen.

UNEP's work, a great portion being scientific and technical in nature, to leverage knowledge in support of decision making in environmental management and sustainable development, has contributed to the establishment of a number of scientific advisory groups for which UNEP acts as the convener.

UNEP has functional programmes in the following fields:

Technology, industry and economics
Environmental information, assessment and early warning
Environmental policy development and law
Environmental policy implementation

§ Regional co-operation and representation

The Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (UNEP DTIE) works with decision makers in government, local authorities and industry to develop and adopt policies and practices that:

Are cleaner and safer
Make efficient use of natural resources
Ensure adequate management of chemicals
Incorporate environmental costs
Reduce pollution and risks for human and the environment.

UNEP DTIE consists of Division Office (email: unep.tie@unep.fr), International Environmental Technology Centre (email: ietc@unep.or.jp), Production and Consumption Unit, Chemicals Unit (chemicals@unep.ch), Energy and Ozone Action Unit (email: uneptie@unep.fr), and Economics and Trade Unit (etu@unep.ch). The units have following missions:

The Division Office (http://194.51.235.137/hp_division_office.html) sets policy within UNEP DTIE and ensures co-operation on key issues such as outreach, technology transfer, information systems and programmatic themes between the UNEP DTIE units and other UNEP Divisions.

International Environmental Technology Centre (home page: http://www.unep.or.jp/) promotes the adoption and use of environmentally sound technologies with a focus on the environmental management of cities and freshwater basins in developing countries and countries in transition.

Production and Consumption Unit (home page: http://194.51.235.137/hp_pc.html) fosters the development of cleaner and safer production and consumption patterns that lead to increased efficiency in the use of natural resources and reductions in pollution.

Chemicals Unit (home page: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/) promotes sustainable development by catalysing global actions and building national capacities for the sound management of chemicals and the improvement of chemical safety world-wide, with a priority on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Prior Informed Consent (PIC, jointly with FAO).

Energy and Ozone Action Unit (home page: http://194.51.235.137/hp_oa.html) supports the phase-out of ozone depleting substances in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and promotes good management practices and use of energy, with a focus on atmospheric impacts.

Economics and Trade Unit (home page: http://www.unep.ch/etu/) promotes the use and application of assessment and incentive tools for environmental policy and helps improve the understanding of linkages between trade and environment and the role of financial institutions in promoting sustainable development.

In 1975, UNEP created Industry and Environment Centre (UNEP/IE) - to promote cleaner and safer industrial production and consumption patterns (home page: http://www.rolac.unep.mx/indusamb/ing/indus_i.htm; contact information: http://www.rolac.unep.mx/indusamb/ing/indus_i.htm#Contact). Agenda 21, adopted at the Rio Earth Summit, has provided the plan of action; UNEP and its Industry and Environment Centre exist to help all nations to meet that agenda. Co-ordinating action with all UNEP units - and particularly the International Register on Potentially Toxic Chemicals - UNEP/IE reaches out to its partners in business and industry, national and local governments, and international and non-governmental organisations. UNEP/IE acts as a catalyst, providing a platform for dialogue, helping to move from confrontation to co-operation, from words to concrete actions.

The goals of the UNEP Industry and Environment Programme are to:

Build consensus for preventive environmental protection through cleaner and safer industrial production and consumption
Help to formulate policies and strategies to achieve cleaner and safer production and consumption patterns, and facilitate their implementation
Define and encourage the incorporation of environmental criteria in industrial production
Stimulate the exchange of information on environmentally sound technologies and forms of industrial development.

The resources available for UNEP for the administration and implementation of its programme come from four distinct sources: regular budgets of the United Nations, environment fund, trust funds and counterpart contributions (http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=208).

Links to the products and services provided by UNEP are listed in http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=101. The services include library, information services, publications, media room, networks, information clearing houses, audio visual services, focal points and environmental links. The environmental links are available in http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=101&ArticleID=1693.

UNEP provides information of Environmentally Sound Management of industrial pollutants in its page: http: www.unep.org/Documents.asp?ClassID=22000

UNEP’s headquarters are in Nairobi, but it has regional offices for Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and West Asia. UNEP offices and UNEP administered convention secretariats around the globe are listed in http://www.unep.org/UNFactSheet/. UNEP’s current achievements are presented in http://www.unep.org/Documents/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=250.

The link of the UNEP's Index Page is: http://www.unep.ch/earthw/subindex.htm

1.11 WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)

Home page of WHO is: http://www.who.int/.

The objective of WHO is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health. Health, as defined in the WHO Constitution, is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. In support of its main objective, the Organisation has a wide range of functions, including the following:

§ To act as the directing and co-ordinating authority on international health work

§ To promote technical co-operation

§ To assists Governments, upon request, in strengthening health services

§ To furnish appropriate technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid, upon the request or acceptance of Governments

§ To stimulate and advance work on the prevention and control of epidemic, endemic and other diseases

§ To promote, in co-operation with other specialised agencies where necessary, the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation, recreation, economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene

§ To promote and co-ordinate biomedical and health services research;

§ To promote improved standards of teaching and training in the health, medical and related professions

§ To establish and stimulate the establishment of international standards for biological, pharmaceutical and similar products, and to standardise diagnostic procedures

§ To foster activities in the field of mental health, especially those activities affecting the harmony of human relations.

WHO also proposes conventions, agreements, regulations and makes recommendations about international nomenclature of diseases, causes of death and public health practices. It develops, establishes and promotes international standards concerning foods and biological, pharmaceutical and similar substances.

Through its many international networks, WHO is uniquely placed to generate health data, apply facts to problems, and recommend solutions that can lead to real improvements in health. Much of the information developed by WHO is made available to the world through an extensive programme of publications, now numbering 4 periodicals and around 50 new books each year. Information about WHO publications and instructions about how to order them are in http://www.who.int/dsa/. Links to WHO reports are in http://www.who.int/home/reports.html.

WHO’s search program to find information is in: http://chef.who.int:9654/?WHOhq+WHOhqHTML . WHO’s information sources, including virtual library, links, databases, library catalogues and reference desks, are available in http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/virtuallib.htm. To search WHO’s library catalogue, go to http://www.who.int/hlt and click on "WHOLIS (Library catalogue)". Search info bases are available in http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?softpage=Policy42.

For EPAP WHO is one of the sources to obtain information of chemicals and their health and environmental impacts.

2. CLEANER PRODUCTION IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SECTORS

2.1 Background

The World Bank Group's new approach which is emerging incorporates the concepts of sustainable development and cleaner production, together with an emphasis on good management practices.

The concept "Cleaner Production" was coined by UNEP in September 1990. Like in the "source reduction" cleaner production has its emphasis inside the production: selection and development of cleaner processes, use of safer chemicals, designing products with longer useful lives etc. End-of-pipe treatment is not usually a cleaner production option, even if it is in many cases needed. However, when cleaner production processes are in place, also the costs of end-of -pipe treatment are more reasonable.

Cleaner production is the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy applied to processes, products and services to increase eco-efficiency and reduce risks for humans and the environment. It applies to:

- production processes: conserving raw materials and energy eliminating toxic raw materials and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes

- products: reducing negative impacts along the life cycle of a product from raw materials extraction to its ultimate disposal

- services: incorporating environmental concerns into designing and delivering services

- cleaner production requires applying know how, improving technology, and changing

attitudes

The following questions are answered in the address: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/RESOURCE/cp_opportunity/opprfrm.htm

What is Cleaner Production ?

Why is Cleaner Production Important?

What are the Benefits of Cleaner Production?

If It Is So Good, Why Isn't Everybody Doing It?

In the same site there is more information under the tittle: Cleaner production: An Opportunity for Industry: UNEP Cleaner Production, Training and Technical Assistance, Implementing Cleaner Production : The National Cleaner Production Centres Programme (NCPC), International Policy Initiatives, Strategies and Mechanisms for Promoting Cleaner Production Investments in Developing Countries, Conclusion and References.

There is a number of related terms and concepts which have similar overall goals which are often used interchangeably but which may have significant differences in basic principles and in emphasis. For example Eco-Efficiency starts from issues of economic efficiency which have positive environmental benefits while cleaner production starts from issues of environmental efficiency which have positive economic benefits. The inter linkages between eco-efficiency and cleaner production are discussed and the approach “eco-efficiency” presented in the address: http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/consume/unep.html .

Other related terms are “low-or-no-waste technologies”, “waste minimisation (India)”, “waste and emission prevention (Netherlands)”, “source reduction (US)” and “environmentally sound technology (UNCSD, United Nations Council on Sustainable Development)”. All these essentially refer to the same concepts of integrating pollution reduction into the production process and even products. Moreover "Cleaner Technology" and "Clean Technology" are often used as synonyms for Cleaner Production. The search with these terms as key words might also produce useful information.

Even if the phrase "cleaner technology" is practically the same than "cleaner production", the search engines are not able to recognise this if the analogy is not stated in keywords of the report. Even the different spelling in British and American English can cause problems. Therefore it is essential to try different key words in information searches.

According to Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook : "Cleaner Production goes beyond pollution prevention. Cleaner production encompasses production processes and management procedures that use less resources than conventional technologies and also generate less waste and toxic or other harmful substances. Today, Cleaner Production aims to include everything from the drawing board to the final disposal and/or reuse of the product". Cleaner production has thus also elements of Life Cycle Assessment, LCA.

An introduction to Cleaner Production can be found in:

http://www.netspace.net.au/~kiam/Cp799/CPintroduction.html

A general guide to setting up a Cleaner Production Project:

http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/facts/nc/tips.html

Pollution Prevention (P2) is the American approach to pollution abatement which is based on

the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. It is also rather close to Cleaner Production and provides thus a good source of information for industrial pollution abatement.. Pollution prevention (P2) is the use of materials, processes or practices that reduce or eliminate the creation of pollutants. Terms often used interchangeably with pollution prevention are source reduction and waste minimisation. P2 includes segregation, beneficial reuse, recycling, and treatment operations that can be included as part of a production process or the management of waste. The application of P2 practices within the global industrial community can beneficially impact the global environment and a corporation's economics by reducing waste and subsequently reducing cost.(http://www.remedial.com/p2/p2-home.htm).

The National Pollution Prevention Roundtable (http://www.p2.org/about ), is the largest membership organisation in the United States devoted solely to pollution prevention (P2). The mission of the Roundtable is to provide a national forum for promoting the development, implementation, and evaluation of efforts to avoid, eliminate, or reduce pollution at the source.

2.2 Contacts and Expert Institutions (Database for Africa):

National Cleaner Production Center in Egypt is the Planning and Follow-up and Technical Co-ordination Department /EEAA and the Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) is also based in Cairo. Other expert institutions and contacts are given in:

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/contact_expert/africa.htm

2.3 Information of Cleaner Production in industry

Open search with the phrase "cleaner production" gives almost 13 000 hits. In this report most of the links have been found through the different organisations. The key sources are US EPA, WB/NIPR, UNEP, UNIDO, CEPA and Environment Australia Online.

Together with partner organisations like UNIDO, the UNEP has very wide databases of cleaner production. Several links are given in: http://www.unepie.org/Cp2/cp_worldwide/Links_sites/international_links.html

Enviro$en$e ( http://es.epa.gov/ ), part of the U.S. EPA’s web site, provides a single repository for pollution prevention, compliance assurance, and enforcement information and data bases. The search engine searches multiple web sites (inside and outside the EPA), and offers assistance in preparing a search.

In the address: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/ WB/NIPR publishes a long list of working papers and other materials related to the Economics of Industrial Pollution Control Research Project.

In the address: http://www.usaep.org/resource.htm is the US-AEP CP Internet Guide which provides CP information of some industrial sectors.

The EPA's Office of Compliance has developed a series of profiles or notebooks containing information on selected major industries. These notebooks, which focus on key indicators that holistically present air, water, and land pollutant release data, have been thoroughly reviewed by

experts from both inside and outside the EPA.

Each Notebook brings you comprehensive, well-researched detail gathered for the first time in a single source and includes ( http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/ ):

- a comprehensive environmental profile

- industrial process information

- pollution prevention techniques

- pollutant release data

- regulatory requirements

- compliance/enforcement history

- government and industry partnerships

- innovative programs

- contact names

- bibliographic references

- description of research methodology

It is possible to download the entire document or any of the three sectors. First sector comprises of introduction to the sector notebook project, introduction to the industry and industrial process description. Second sector deals with chemical release and transfer profile and pollution prevention opportunities. Third sector introduces applicable federal statutes and regulations, compliance and enforcement history, compliance assurance activities and initiatives, contacts, acknowledgements,

resource materials and bibliography.

Environmental Management Solutions (EMS) is a leading provider of pollution prevention (P2) and waste minimisation (WMin) technical support services. EMS specialises in pollution prevention and the management and minimisation of hazardous, radioactive and mixed waste. EMS offers services that include on-site training, program review and development and the development and modification of standard operation procedures for P2/WMin operations. In its homepage http://www.remedial.com/p2/p2-home.htm it provides a great number of useful links most of which are to well known international organisations; the sub tittles are:

- P2 Overview ( http://www.remedial.com/p2/overview.htm )

(Terms and definitions associated with P2, waste minimisation, source reduction, and cleaner production)

- Technology Demonstrations (http://www.remedial.com/p2/demos.htm )

(Evaluations of emerging P2 technologies for various industry sectors, including laminating, coating and molding)

- P2 Tools (http://www.remedial.com/p2/tools.htm

(Includes links to free Internet resources; CAGE (Coating Alternatives Guide) and SAGE (Solvents Alternatives Guide), a pollution prevention assessment checklist; a summary of selected pollution prevention measurement tools and methods; and a national database of pollution prevention products and services)

- Industry Specific P2 Guides (http://www.remedial.com/p2/guides.htm )

(Technical manuals for four industries: printing, plastics, raisin drying, and wine making

Also includes annotated links to examples of P2 in action on the Internet. )

- Environmental Management Systems ( http://www.remedial.com/p2/ems.htm )

(This area describes the relationship between P2 and ISO 14001, and provides a gateway to

EMS-Plus, a free web-based tool for assessing environmental management system

performance)

- Pollution Prevention Sources on the Internet http://www.remedial.com/p2/p2-links.htm

( An annotated list of information resources)

Another list of Internet resources for those seeking information about pollution prevention

technologies, programs, and policies is in: http://www.p2.org/intl/activities/new/Internet.html . While it is by no means exhaustive, the links provide useful starting points for Internet research.

The EEA provides a guide: Cleaner Production: A Guide to Information Sources in: http://themes.eea.eu.int:80/showpage.php?pg=40503 .

Why is there reluctance to take pollution prevention action, when benefits can be shown? Resistance to change is inevitable - we are asking people to change behaviour and avoid the creation of pollution in the first place. Often, this translates into great effort to overcome barriers and encourage pollution prevention action. The Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention (C2P2) has responded to this challenge by building a network of resources to help organisations achieve real results and show their commitment to pollution prevention. The C2P2 was founded to

encourage the adoption of pollution prevention (P2) approaches - a goal that will always be at the heart of our organisation: http://c2p2.sarnia.com/newsletter/winter99.html and

http://c2p2.sarnia.com/whatsnew / (what's new in pollution prevention, Canadian pollution prevention clearinghouse). The search service of C2P2 (http://c2p2.sarnia.com/query2.html ) also finds several documents of cleaner production and pollution prevention.

The concept of Eco-efficiency was coined by the global business community in response to the "wake-up call" given by the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), that was held in 1992. During the last few years, the concept of Eco-efficiency has gained an increasing acceptance among industries and businesses, mainly due to the concerted effort of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). As a result, the number of businesses that have one or another form of Eco-efficiency programs have increased significantly during the last few years. Thus, as businesses commit significant resource for the process, the need for measuring progress towards the desirable objectives has become essential. Eco-efficiency indicators and the sustainable enterprises are presented in:

http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/staff/desta_mebratu/desta10.html

The WB/NIPR presents the average pollution abatement costs by industrial sectors ($1993/ton) in: http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1398/index.htm#TofC6

Even if the data is old, it gives the order of magnitude of pollution abatement costs (36 industrial sectors).

The Internet Centre for Cleaner Production provides a long list of Cleaner production sites world wide in: http://www.netspace.net.au/~kiam/Cp799/CPsites.html

The University of Queensland presents Cleaner Production Resources on the Web (tens of links):

http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/weblinks.htm

Swedish experience of Cleaner production is reported under the tittle: Extended Producer Responsibility as a Strategy to Promote Cleaner Production

http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/research/products/epr/epr_seminar_1992/epr_1992_arnfalk.html

Small Business Waste Reduction Guide: http://es.epa.gov/new/business/sbdc/sbdc.htm

The list of publications produced by UNEP as part of the work programme on sustainable

production and consumption is in :

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/RESOURCE/list_publication/lpbfrm.htm

Case studies in various industrial sectors is provided in:

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/manufact.shtml

The US Environmental pollution prevention project, EP3, publishes EP3 Case Studies

of electroplating, textile, battery manufacture, printing and tanning industry in :

http://es.epa.gov/ep3/ep3300.html

In the address: http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/research/management/current_research.html there are several research and master of theses reports of environmental management and cleaner production.

2.4 Tools for pollution prevention: substitution of solvents and use of less harmful coatings

Different kind of solvents are widely used in many industrial sectors. They also form a source of hazardous wastes in industry. A wide publication database on solvents is provided in the address: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/solvent.html

Respectively a wide publication database on hazardous waste is in : http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/hazardous.html

When adopting cleaner production technology less hazardous chemicals are used as solvents. The Solvent Alternatives Guide provides a tool to assess the alternatives: http://www.sage.rti.org

Cleaning solvents and degreasers are often used at industrial plants when performing machinery maintenance operations. Traditional solvents often contain toxic chemical compounds

that may qualify the waste product as hazardous waste. To limit worker exposure to toxic chemicals and reduce the regulatory requirements for the facility, solvents containing any of the EPA 17 Industrial Toxic Chemicals should be avoided. The 17 chemicals are listed below:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/fedfac/cfa/wood/solvents.html . From this page also short guide of Solvent Alternatives can be downloaded.

The Integrated Solvent Substitution Data System (ISSDS) ( http://es.epa.gov/issds ) is provided by Enviro$en$e to access solvent alternative information through a single, easy to use command structure. It provides different alternatives to search the information:

The Direct Query allows a user to directly specify the query and the collections to be searched.

The Assisted Query aids the user in determining the collection information categories for the user. It is expected that after the user has used the system for a

period of time, usage will shift to the Directed Query.

The Guided Query guides the user in determining the relevant information for his/her needs. It is expected that after the user has used the system for a period

of time, usage will shift to the Assisted Query.

The Data Browser allows the user to access the native data collections on its host system. The page also describe the collections and their contents.

The System Status Page contains information on system availability and use.

The On-line Help page describes the functions of the ISSDS.

Related Documents link contains documents which relevant information.

When finishing different industrial products coatings are often used. The Coatings Guide is a pollution prevention tool for paints and coatings users. The Coatings Guide contains several tools to help users identify low-volatile organic compound/hazardous air pollutant coatings that may serve

as drop-in replacements for their existing coating operations. The Coating Alternatives Index

http://cage.rti.org/index.cfm connects you with information about the alternatives. Each alternative has a brief summary and additional links that deal with case studies, economic and environmental information, references, etc. To decide which alternative would be best for you, use the Coatings Guide Expert System.

Guides to Cleaner Technologies:

Organic Coating Removal:

http://es.epa.gov/program/epaorgs/ord/org-rmvl.html and

Organic Coating Replacements:

http://es.epa.gov/program/epaorgs/ord/org-coat.html

2.5 Cleaner Production in some industrial sectors

Previous chapter already contains a lot of information of the following industrial sectors because it was not possible to pick the links from the link lists presented. Therefore it is useful to go trough the whole chapter "Cleaner Production in Various Industrial Sectors".

2.51 Pulp and paper

The EPA Sector Notebooks provide comprehensive information of pulp and paper industry:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasn.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasnp1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasnp2.pd

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/pulppasnp3.pdf

The World Bank/NIPR has three reports which are dealing with pulp and paper industry:

Environmental inspections and emissions of the pulp and paper industry: the case of Quebec:

http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1447/index.htm

Why Paper Mills Clean Up: Determinants of Pollution Abatement in Four Asian Countries:

http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1710/index.htm

Monitoring and Enforcement of Environmental Policy:

http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/cohen/index.htm#TopOfPage

Information of recycling and recycled paper products is available in:

http://www.webdirectory.com/Recycling/Recycled_Paper_Products/

Control of dioxins in pulp and paper industry is discussed in:http://www.rff.org/disc_papers/PDF_files/9708.pdf

A wide publication database on pulp and paper industry covering cleaner production, auditing waste minimisation etc. is provided in: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/pulp_paper.html

Technical full scale and pilot scale case studies (70 pcs) of manufacturing paper and paper products is in:

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/paper_21/house/casename.shtml

2.52 Textile industry

EPA has also sector notes of textile industry, they form a wide database of the industry:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/textilsnp1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/textilsnp2.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/textilsnp3.pdf

The USETI program, "Cleaner Production for the Textile Dyeing and Finishing Industry," was arranged to kick off an initiative to foster cleaner industrial production processes within APEC economies. The objective of this training program was to provide the textile dyeing and finishing industry in the Asia Pacific region with comprehensive training on the implementation of various cleaner production processes and technologies ranging from good housekeeping, material substitution, energy and water conservation, and used-material recycling, to life cycle design, improved process design and operation, and Environmental Management Systems (EMS). Proper implementation of cleaner production processes and technologies will enable firms to increase their production efficiency, reduce their adverse environmental impacts, and strengthen their market competitiveness. http://www.useti.org/update_2nd_98.html

Cleaner Technology Assessment and Environmental Performance Indicators for Textile Wet Processing is presented in: http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/publications/theses-98/xir_abst.html

The WB/NIPR report Why Paper Mills Clean Up: Determinants of Pollution Abatement in Four Asian Countries contains also information of Indonesian textile plants:

http://www.worldbank.org/nipr/work_paper/1710/#nr8

The address: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/textile_17/house/casename.shtml comprises of 40 technical case studies of manufacture of textiles.

2.53 Food industry

Most of the information of food processing industry and cleaner production is presented in chapter 3.3 from where it is not very easy to find. This is because the links are included in wider databases. EPA has no sector notes on food industry.

The University of Queensland as a participant of the UNEP Working Group for Cleaner Production in the Food Industry provides information of Cleaner Production:

- A Guide to Cleaner Production in the Food Industry: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/Intro.htm

- Cleaning up the Food Industry: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/cleanup.htm

- A Cleaner State: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/State.htm

- The Country Bake Story: http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/papers.htm

The Project on Promotion of Cleaner Technology in Thai Industry includes food industry:

http://www.tei.or.th/bep/ctic/danced.cfm

"Waste Minimisation Opportunity Audits to Introduce Cleaner Technologies in

Lithuanian Industry" -project is dealing with different branches of industry electronics,

tannery, rubber, food processing (meat, dairy & sweets), paper, and textile industry.

http://www.lu.se/IIIEE/research/eastern_europe/lithuania/cp_kaunas_1993-95.html

Publication database on food processing: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/food.html

Technical Case studies: Manufacture of food products and beverages (48 pcs):

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/food_15/house/casename.shtml

2.54 Engineering industry

EPA's sector notes are available for metal fabrication industry:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsn.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsnpt1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsnpt2.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/fabmetsnpt3.pdf

For the metal finishing industry a number of Cleaner Production guides and manuals are available:

The UNEP Working Group for Cleaner Production in the Metal Finishing Industry:

http://www.yarranet.swin.edu.au/yarranet/bus/pages/cpaust/welcome.htm

Enviro$en$e Metal Finishing Content Guide:

http://es.epa.gov/es-guide/metals/metals.htm

Pollution prevention resource manual for metal finishers:

http://www.iams.org/p2iris/metalfinish/metalfin.htm

Hard Chrome Pollution Prevention Demonstration Project Interim Report:

http://www.iti.org/ee/eem/techdemo/chromep2/index.html

A guide to Cleaner Technologies and alternative metal finishes:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/fedfac/fflexp2/alt-metl.html

Generic Package: Report on Pollution Prevention in Mass Finishing Operations: http://es.epa.gov/program/regional/trade/msfn-rpt.html

Waste Minimisation in Metal Parts Cleaning: http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/facts/metlprtz.html

Metal Finishing Pollution Prevention Opportunities Checklist:

http://es.epa.gov/techinfo/facts/cheklst3.html

Publication database on metal finishing : http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/metal.html

Technical case studies of Manufacturing of fabricated metal products (59 pcs):

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/metal_28/house/casename.shtml

2.55 Foundries

Databases containing metal casting industry and cleaner production :

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsna.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsnapt1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsnapt2.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/metcstsnapt3.pdf

Cleaner Production Manual for the Foundry Industry:

http://www.geosp.uq.edu.au/emc/cp/foundry.htm

2.56 Iron and steel industry

Most of the information of cleaner production in iron and steel industry is in previous chapters. EPA's sector notes are available also to this sector:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/iron&stl.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/ironstlpt1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/ironstlpt2.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/ironstlpt3.pdf

Technical case studies in manufacturing of basic metals (23 pcs) is in:

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/basicm_27/house/casename.shtml

2.57 Leather industry

Some cleaner production information of this industrial sector has been presented already in previous chapters.

Publication database on leather processing industry: http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/leather.html

Technical case studies of Tanning and dressing of leather (18 pcs) :

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/leather_19/material/casename.shtml

2.58 Chemical industry

EPA has sector notes both for organic and inorganic chemical industry:

Organic chemical industry:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organic.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organicpt1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organicpt2.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/organicpt3.pdf

Inorganic chemical industry:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsn.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsnpt1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsnpt2.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/inrgchsnpt3.pdf

Compliance assistance tools in chemical sector are available in:

http://es.epa.gov/search97cgi/s97_cgi?action=View&VdkVgwKey=%2Fdata%2Fenviro01%2Fprivate%2Fdocs%2Foeca%2Fmain%2Fcompasst%2Fchem%2Ehtml&DocOffset=194&DocsFound=338&QueryZip=%22sector+notebook%22&Collection=oeca&

The report of Chemicals in the environment- Public Access Information is discussing Hazard identification and dose-response assessment, the report also assesses Cleaner Technology substitutes, in : http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/cie/issue02j.pdf

Publication database for chemical industry:

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/publication/chemical.html

Technical case studies of manufacturing chemicals and chemical products (59 pcs)

http://www.emcentre.com/unepweb/tec_case/chemical_24/house/casestudy.shtml

2.59 Oil refineries

EPA's sector notes of petroleum refining industry:

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsn.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsnpt1.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsnpt2.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/petrefsnpt3.pdf

http://es.epa.gov/oeca/sector/sectornote/pdf/oilgas.pdf

3. EMISSION GUIDELINES AND LIMIT VALUES OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook of World Bank sets maximum air emissions and discharge requirements in World Bank projects: http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/Docs/TOC?OpenDocument . The principles are stated in chapter: Industrial Pollution Management. Maximum Air Emissions and Effluent Discharge Requirements in Guidelines are summarised in tables in different industrial sectors. A part of the chemicals are hazardous. The manual also includes General Environmental Guidelines which presents emission levels normally acceptable to the World Bank. Moreover the manual has industry sector guidelines.

Normal Bank Group procedures for analysis of industrial projects include (a) an appropriate Environmental Assessment that takes into account relevant national legislation; and (b) an economic analysis that includes an assessment of the costs and benefits of the alternative environmental measures available for new or existing plant, evaluating reductions in exposure and improvements in ambient conditions as compared to the situation without such environmental measures. On the basis of these analyses, site-specific requirements related to the local conditions and resources available are established (e.g. emissions limits, special operating procedures) to ensure that human health is protected and environmental benefits are optimised.

A clear list of emission guidelines and limit values has not been found. UNEP, OECD and WHO have a lot of information of different kind of chemicals , but clear emission values are not available. Limit values are often determined in the national legislation and the limits also depend on the size of production. In this field nothing similar to "WHO drinking water standards" exists.

In the European Union emission guidelines and limit values can be found in the Union's legislation but it is rather time consuming to locate them in the following links:

Monitoring of atmospheric pollution:

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102030.html

Water protection and management:

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102020.html

Prevention of noise pollution:

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102040.html

Chemicals, industrial risk and biotechnology:

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15102050.html

Waste management and clean technology:

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_15103030.html

International co-operation:

http://www.vyh.fi/eng/intcoop/agreem/agrind.htm

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/reg/en_register_151040.html

OECD has emission limits in Climate Chance Documents:

http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/freedocs.htm (emission limits).

Tools for pollution prevention, substitution of hazardous chemical with less hazardous one's has been partly described in the chapter "Cleaner production". Solvent alternatives and coating alternatives guides aim at utilisation of less harmful chemicals. Cleaner production as such has the same target.

Environment Australia Online provides information on recent development in international chemicals section: http://www.environment.gov.au/epg/chemicals/ic.html :

Prior Informed Consent (PIC)

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

Other International Chemical Issues

Related Sites

"Prior informed consent" is a procedure that helps participating countries learn more about the characteristics of potentially hazardous chemicals that may be shipped to them, initiates a decision making process on the future import of these chemicals by the countries themselves and facilitates the dissemination of this decision to other countries. This process gives importing countries the power to make an informed decision on which chemicals they want to receive and to exclude those they cannot manage safely. Full details on the Convention can be found at the joint FAO/UNEP website: http://irptc.unep.ch/pic

The Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program, UNEP ( http://irptc.unep.ch/pops ) has agreed to develop a global, legally binding treaty to control the use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs are hazardous and environmentally persistent substances which can be transported between countries by the earth's oceans and atmosphere. The substances bioaccumulate and have been traced in the fatty tissues of humans and other animals. There is general international agreement that they require immediate global action. Currently UNEP has identified 12 substances as POPs. The treaty will be designed to eliminate production and remaining uses for POPs which are intentionally produced, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides. It will also aim to explore feasible and practical methods to reduce the emission of POPs occurring as unwanted by-products (mainly dioxins and furans), particularly through cleaner technologies, process modifications and other means.

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Information Paper was prepared in April 1998 in response to public enquiries to relevant Commonwealth Government agencies about their current views on health and environmental aspects of the issue of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It addresses a series of common questions.

EDC Links:

- US EPA, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances: http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo

- OECD Environmental Health and Safety - Chemicals Programme: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/endocrin.htm

Related Sites

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a chemicals programme: http://www.oecd.org/ehs/chem2.htm

Intergovernmental Forum for Chemical Safety (IFCS): http://www.who.int/ifcs . The IFCS was

established as new mechanism for co-operation among governments for the promotion of chemical risk management and the environmentally sound management of chemicals.

UNEP Chemicals & WHO GEENET: http://irptc.unep.ch . UNEP Chemicals is the centre for all chemicals-related activities of the United Nations Environment Programme.

Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC):

http://www.who.int/iomc . The IOMC was established in 1995 to serve as a mechanism for co-

ordinating efforts of intergovernmental organisations in the assessment and management of

chemicals.

International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS): http://www.who.int/pcs/index.htm

The International Programme on Chemical Safety or IPCS established in 1980, is a joint

programme of three Co-operating Organisations, ILO, UNEP and WHO, implementing

activities related to chemical safety. IPCS is an intersectoral coordinated and scientifically

based programme. WHO is the Executing Agency of the IPCS.

4. VIRTUAL LIBRARIES

There are enormous amount of virtual, electronic and on-line libraries in the Internet. All the big organisations have their own libraries in the Internet, but there are also other public libraries. Moreover there are professional “electronic journals” (Alta Vista : 96 000 hints).

The search ”virtual library” in the Internet gives with Alta Vista 275 000 hints. Respectively the search “electronic library” gives 80 000 links. Narrowing the search (”virtual library + industry”) gives only 26 documents but many of them are full of new links. The search “ virtual library + environment” gives 2200 documents

The virtual library provides links to electronic resources in an attempt to assist experts , in quickly locating information to assist them in their daily work. The virtual library complements the services of the ordinary library.

The EPA on-line library can be found from the link: http://cave.epa.gov/ .

The World Bank on-line library is in the address: http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/digitalibrary.htm

The World Bank depository and regional library programme is found trough the link: http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/depolibraries.htm

The WHO has several links to its libraries: http://www.who.int/hlt/aboutlib/English/aboute.htm ,

http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/virtuallib.htm and http://unicorn.who.ch/.

The Georgia Institute of technology, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering has a virtual library in the address: http://www.ce.gatech.edu/WWW-CE/industry.html

A great number of virtual libraries from different universities can be found from the link:

http://mother.lub.lu.se/ae/bydomain/118901-118950.html

The WWW Virtual Library –Environment contains a searchable index of over 1000 environmental resources arranged alphabetically and by category: http://earthsystems.org/Environment.shtml

Examples of electronic journals are from the University of Saskatchewan Libraries :

electronic journal: “Environmental Management” in the link

http://library.usask.ca/ejournals/03/6/0364-152X.html and The University of Adelaide Library Electronic Resource Collection , which contains a long list of electronic journals: http://www.library.adelaide.edu.au/erc/E.html .

The World Bank journals can be received from page: http://www.worldbank.org/html/extpb/journals.htm

Environment Matters is a collaborative undertaking produced in print and on the Web once a year in the Fall by the World Bank http://www-esd.worldbank.org/envmat/ . This issue, which serves as the Bank’s annual review on the environment, looks back on the World Bank’s environmental work from July 1998 through this past June (our fiscal year 1999), and highlights upcoming challenges and opportunities.

The Overview article reviews major environmental activities in fiscal 1999 and describes the current effort to develop an Environment Strategy for the Bank. The second article describes emerging trends in the Bank’s environmental portfolio.

Each of the Bank’s operational regions has written an overview of the region’s work for the past year, taking a close look at the accomplishments, lessons learned, and future challenges within its own portfolio of projects.

The address : http://www2.unimaas.nl/~egmilieu/main.htm welcomes to the European Environmental Law Homepage. Here you can find full text cases, legislation and other materials related to European Environmental Law. Apart from these primary sources, several dossiers and articles offer a more in depth view on specific issues.

5. LINKS TO ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES IN DIFFERENT

COUNTRIES

The counterpart organisations of Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency can be contacted trough the Internet very easily. The home pages of different organisations and institutes may contain useful information for EEAA and trough the homepages also detailed information can be searched.

Environmental Administrations:

$ Australia: Environment Australia Online, http://www.erin.gov.au/

$ Canada: Environment Canada’s Green Lane, http://www.ec.gc.ca

$ Czech Republic: Ministry of the Environment, http://www.env.cz/env.nsf/pages/indexE

$ Denmark: Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.mst.dk/homepage/

$ Estonia: Ministry of Environment, http://envir.envir.ee/eng/index.html

$ European Union: European Environment Agency, http://www.eea.eu.int/

$ Finland: The Ministry of Environment, http://www.vyh.fi/eng/welcome.html

$ France: The Ministry of the Environment, http://www.environnement.gouv.fr/english/default.htm

$ German: The German Federal Environment Ministry, http://www.bmu.de/english/index.htm

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The directive defines:

Exchange of information on BAT