Key Issues … Coastal Zones Egypt’s Delta with its coastal front on the Mediterranean is considered vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In addition to the rise in sea level, shoreline erosion, stresses on fisheries and saltwater intrusion in groundwater create major challenges. These factors also produce stressful effects on water and agricultural resources, tourism and human settlements. Fragile and unique ecosystems such as mangrove stands in the Red Sea, which stabilize shorelines and provide a habitat for many species, may also be threatened. A study on the vulnerability of the coastal zone in Alexandria, the second largest city in Egypt, revealed that a 30 cm rise in sea level is expected to occur by 2025, inundating approximately 200 square kilometers. As a result, over half a million inhabitants may be displaced and approximately 70,000 jobs could be lost. Rosetta, one of Egypt’s historical cities, is already suffering from shoreline erosion. An estimated 50-cm rise in sea level could affect one third of the city’s employment with significant economic losses estimated in billions of dollars. Similarly, the city of Port Said is vulnerable to sea level rise with possible impacts on its industrial, transportation and urban sectors. Identified adaptation measures to deal with the impacts on coastal zone include beach reinforcement, construction of seawalls and breakwaters, tightening of legal regulations, integrated coastal zone management, and changes in land use.