Since long ago, International efforts have been directed towards the necessity of reducing Greenhouse Gases; represented in (Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Hydro fluorocarbons, Per fluorocarbons, and Sulfur Hexafluoride), which are emitted due human activities. They are emitted through industrial development, expansion in agriculture and deforestation, and land-use change. This all has proven to be the main factor for climatic changes, which in turn led and is leading to devastating human and economic losses.

These efforts played a great role in helping the International Community to issue the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Moreover, these continuous efforts led to the entrance of Kyoto Protocol into force in 2005. Egypt has also been an active participant when it comes to the matter of climate change and facing its vulnerabilities, improvement of living conditions, and the foundation of Sustainable Development's basis on Planet Earth.

Egypt has participated in and made several actions in dealing with climate change:

1- Ratification on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the issuance of Law 4/1994 for the Protection of the Environment, and the participation in various international workshops and conferences related to climate change to avoid having any international obligations on developing countries, including Egypt.

2- Ratification of Kyoto's Protocol, and the establishment of the Egyptian Designated National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism (DNA); consisting of the Egyptian Bureau (EB-CDM) and the Egyptian Council for Clean Development Mechanism (EC-CDM).

3- Issuance of Initial National Communication (INC), in 1999 to make an inventory for Greenhouse Gases and the foundation on a National Action Plan for Climate Change.

4- Ministry of Electricity and Energy: establishment several projects in the field of New and Renewable Energy (Wind - Solar - Hydro - Bio), and encouraging Energy Efficiency Projects.

5- Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation: implementing projects for shore protection (Egyptian Public Authority for Shore Protection), also the establishment of specialized research centers in cooperation with development partners.

6- Agriculture Research Center: carrying out some researches about the impacts of climate change on crops production and adoption of more heat-tolerant cultivars.

7- Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs: establishing guiding schemes for private sector to encourage investments in the field of clean energy projects, waste recycling, and afforestation.

8- Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs: preparing Egypt's Second National Communication, as a base for updating the National Action Plan, and Greenhouse Gases Inventory from different sectors.

9- Re-structuring of the National Committee of Climate Change in 2007, as coordinator on the national level related to climate change issues, putting a visionary for needed policies and strategies to deal with it, and suggesting mechanisms required for implementation.

10- Maximizing the benefit from Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms through implementing Clean Development Mechanism Projects.

11- Proposing the idea of establishing a national or regional center for climate change researches in the Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, in coordination with the state's research centers, and carrying out of integrated research programs according to new information about climate change.

In addition to the State's concern in maximizing the benefit from Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms, especially Clean Development Mechanism, it established the Egyptian Designated National Authority for Clean Development Mechanism (DNA-CDM), instantly after ratifying the protocol and its entrance into force in 2005. The DNA has achieved tangible progress in several sectors, (36) projects have been approved within the framework of the Mechanism. This is including the sectors of: New and Renewable Energy, Industry, Waste Recycling, Afforestation, Energy Efficiency, and Fuel Switching to Natural Gas. This is for an estimated total cost of 1200 Million US Dollar. These projects are considered as a source for attracting foreign investments, providing employment opportunities, and contributing in the implementation of Sustainable Development plans in Egypt.

The Action Plan for Climate Change includes national goals about the necessity of exchanging information to reach to the core of climate change phenomenon and its environmental impacts. One of its main axes is cooperation with International Community to maintain environmental quality and reduce climate change causes. The plan includes various fields; raising public awareness about it, its economic dimensions and how to deal with it, capacity building, international financial and technical aid, and technology transfer. Moreover, policy-making and needed programs for adaptation with its impacts in all sectors, and the participation of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

Climate Change impacts are reflected upon different sides of life. The challenges that may result from its impacts in Egypt - according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - are as follows:

1- Sea Level Rise (SLR)

2- Water Resources Deficiency

3- Agricultural Crops Deficiency and Extinction of some Crops

Precautionary have to be taken before it is too late. Urgent need for issuing national policies to face this problem is so clear. Moreover, developing countries are under increasing threat because of the change more than developed countries, also their potential to handle or adapt with the impacts is being complicated because of deficient financial resources and other economical development demands.

This reflects the importance of acquiring specified international aids and contributions in all fields; whether technology transfer along with required training and education, raising awareness and preparing qualified national individuals that are able to deal with the various aspects of this phenomenon. Furthermore, needed programs to handle this issue and adapt with its impacts due to its high cost, and the need for designing regional mathematical models for climate change, with making an inventory and evaluation for adaptation methods, and monitor its implementation.

Egypt is following the trend of developing countries in climate change negotiations through international meetings and conferences, from the point of view of the leading position of Egypt regionally, in Arab and African countries as well as Middle East and North Africa, gives it a sharp role in the UN groups, Egypt is a member in G77 and China, the African group and OAPEC, the Egyptian views could be summarized as follows:

1- Totally refuse any negotiations could lead to any commitment on developing countries, including Egypt, regarding reduction in GHGs according with the convention and the protocol

2- Assure on the impacts of current and expected climate change are occurred as a result of industrial activities on developed (Annex I) countries since industrial revolution until now.

3- There are commitments on developed countries towards developing countries according with the convention and the protocol including GHGs reduction, technology transfer, adaptation fund, research and observation systems, addressing adverse effects and response measures and compensate the developing countries for climate adverse as well as review of developed countries compliance for the first commitment period (2008-2012).

4- Egypt refuses the Russian Federation proposal regarding voluntary commitment on developing countries, which is supported by most of developed countries, the proposal aims to provide incentives for those developing countries that are ready to accept going though voluntary commitments to reduce their GHG emissions which could lead to obligations later on, where the mentioned incentives are already addressed before for developing countries.

5- Egypt welcomes the continuation of negotiations with developed countries for future commitments post 2012 to agree on acceptable and scheduled GHG reduction amount for the second commitment period, in addition to comply with the commitments of first commitment period, no later than 2008 or 2009, it's expected to discuss achievements of first commitment period in the 4th meeting of the Ad Hoc Workgroup which will be held in Vienna from 27-30 August 2007.

6- Egypt stresses on the importance of continuing the dialogue between developed and developing countries to improve the Convention and Protocol in all international forums. In such as climate change conferences, because this is the only way to avoid the potential risks of climate change.

7- Egypt believes that the developed countries should fulfill their obligations towards developing countries; particularly the most exposure to the risks of climate change is a fundamental pillar in the success of the negotiations on the future financial commitments for developed countries. Also, there is a need to focus on the topics deal with the vulnerability of climate change along with the topics of mitigation and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

8- Egypt believes that the discussion on climate change issues must remain within the framework of meetings and negotiations and the climate change conference, which is organized work under the United Nations Convention on climatic changes and the Kyoto Protocol, and that it must not be politicized the issue so as not to be directed to trends against the interests of developing countries.

9- Egypt believes that the issue of technology transfer is important, there is a need to form a strong institutional structure capable of activating the transfer of technology to developing countries fund projects and support technology transfer on preferential terms, as well as capacity-building and technical support to these countries in order to ensure continuity and efficiency of this mechanism, The working group of experts present for the transfer of technology is unable to fulfill all the obligations referred to.

10- The building support for the implementation of national communications required significantly increased financial support so that developing countries can prepare national communications and high-level professional manner include identifying technology needs for mitigation and adaptation, identifying risks and threats of climate change

11- research methods and systematic observation of maximizing the use of mathematical models that predict the risks of changes the weather threatened sectors, especially the water resources sector, agriculture and coasts that mutual.

12- influences between climate change and desertification, biodiversity is very important, We feel it important to include any future negotiations of climate change and ways of activating cooperation among the three Rio Conventions apply to maximize areas of joint work between the conventions.